{"id":16856,"date":"2020-07-04T11:08:43","date_gmt":"2020-07-04T06:38:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/?p=16856"},"modified":"2020-08-11T09:50:58","modified_gmt":"2020-08-11T05:20:58","slug":"journal-of-legal-research-number-41","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-41\/","title":{"rendered":"Journal of Legal Research – Number 41"},"content":{"rendered":"

Journal of<\/strong>
\nLEGAL RESEARCH<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Number 41<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Vol. XIX \u25cf No. 1
\nSpring 2020<\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

Managing Editor: Vahid Eshtiagh<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Editor-in-Chief: Seyyed Ghasem Zamani<\/strong><\/h3>\n

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 <\/p>\n

CONTENTS<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Articles<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

International Law Governing on Cross Border Oil and Gas Pipelines and Its \u200eRequired Developments<\/strong>
\nDr. Hosein Sharifi Tarazkouhi & Dr. Hojjat Salimi Turkamani<\/p>\n

Murder Result from Provocation of Victim in Paradigm of Iran’s Penal Law<\/strong>
\nDr. Hassan Poorbafrani & Mohammadjavad Heydarian Dolatabadi<\/p>\n

Legal Status of Countermeasures after Intervening the UN Security Council \u200ein Non-Proliferation Law<\/strong>
\nMahdi Khalili Torghabe & Yaser Salarian<\/p>\n

Legal Analysis of Adoption of the 2010 Beijing Convention in Strengthening International Aviation Security in the Light of the ICAO Preventive Approach<\/strong>
\nDr. Hedayatollah Shenasaeir<\/p>\n

Assessing Women\u2019s Right in Holding Public Positions; a Jurisprudence \u200ePerspective<\/strong>
\nParastoo Vosoughi<\/p>\n

Study the Concept of Behaviors in Money Laundering in Iran’s Penal Law and \u200eAnti-Corruption Convention; Antitypes and Difficulties<\/strong>
\nDr. Aboulhasan Shakeri & Atefe Sheikheslami<\/p>\n

The Blade and Silk: Analysis of Theoretical Foundations of Censorship in Cinema<\/strong>
\nDr. Vahid Agah<\/p>\n

Separation of Criminal Liability Arising from a Verb Other than Similar Criminal Offenses<\/strong>
\nDr. Kiomars Kalantari & Mohammadsadegh Farajpour<\/p>\n

Relationship between Victims Ram Theory and Penal Populism and its Impact on Iran’s Penal Policy<\/strong>
\nSomaye Azizi & Dr. Seyyed Mahmoud Mirkhalili<\/p>\n

Analysis of Act of Political Crime in the Light of Articles 305 and 352 of Penal Trial Ritual Act and Principle 168 of Constitution<\/strong>
\nMir Reza Salimi<\/p>\n

An Overview on the Freedom of Political Parties and Justified Restrictions thereof, in the Light of the Constitution of Iran with a Look at International Human Rights Instruments and Some Countries Constitutions<\/strong>
\nDr. Mohammad Mazhari & Morteza Ghasemabadi<\/p>\n

The Parentage of Born Children from Surrogate Womb; Comparative Study in Iran and Turkey Laws<\/strong>
\nNaser Beyramie Farfar & Dr. Najmeh Razm Khah<\/p>\n

Civil Liability of Legal Entities Resulting from Transmission of Contagious Disease with Emphasis on British Law<\/strong>
\nDr. Alireza Rajabzadeh & Dr. Bahareh Shafiei<\/p>\n

Bankruptcy Creditors’ Rights with a View to the New Bill<\/strong>
\nMaryam Moradi Karnachi & Dr. Rasool Parvin<\/p>\n

Providing Ownership Rights through Mutual Agreement (Role of Contract in Possessing Lands of Individuals in General & Constructional Plans)<\/strong>
\nOmid Mohammadi & Fatemeh Nouri<\/p>\n

The Role of Values in Rules to Protect Iran’s Irreplaceable Monuments<\/strong>
\nMohamad Sadeghi & Narges Karimi<\/p>\n

Criminal Implications of \u201cThe Nasirean Ethics: Sir Nasir Al-Din Tusi\u201d\u200e<\/strong>
\nDr. Mohammad Faraji<\/p>\n

Necessities and Barriers to Legalization of Euthanasia in Iran<\/strong>
\nAli Nabi<\/p>\n

Jurisprudence and Study on the Legal System of Company Registration<\/strong>
\nDr. Bahram Hasanzadeh<\/p>\n

Maritime Law Enforcement Operations and Intelligence in an Age of Maritime Security<\/strong>
\nAuthor: Douglas Guilfoyle – Translators: Dr. Hossein Sadeghi & Zahra Ali Hemmati & Mahdi Naser<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Articles<\/strong><\/h3>\n

International Law Governing on Cross Border Oil and Gas Pipelines and Its \u200eRequired Developments<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Dr. Hosein Sharifi Tarazkouhi<\/strong>
\nFull Professor, Faculty of Social Sciences\u200e, Imam Hussein’s University, Tehran, Iran,
\n&
\nDr. Hojjat Salimi Turkamani<\/strong>
\nAssociate Professor in International Law, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, \u200eTabriz, Iran\u200e<\/p>\n

Abstract: <\/strong>Nowadays energy is the base of development and access to it is the main concern of all \u200estates. Preparation of these energy resources, specially oil and gas, in global markets \u200eneeds to transport from producing states to consuming states. This process is \u200ecommitted by different ways including cross border pipelines. Notwithstanding of \u200eincreasing importance of cross border oil and gas pipelines, there is no comprehensive \u200elegal regime in this area and its principal and rules have been included in several \u200einternational treaties like UNCLOS and ECT. The models of transportation of oil and \u200egas, interconnected and integrated models, due to functions and location of pipelines are \u200enon-comprehensive and the legal regime of pipelines are different. Because of vital role \u200eof energy especially oil and gas in modern economies, in order to modify international \u200earrangement among states in the context of pipelines, international law should be \u200edeveloped in two dimensions, normative and institutional, especially in regional level.\u200e
\nKeywords:<\/strong> International Law, Cross Border Oil and Gas Pipelines, Energy Charter Treaty, The \u200eConvention on the Law of the Sea.\u200e<\/p>\n

Murder Result from Provocation of Victim in Paradigm of Iran’s Penal Law<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Dr. Hassan Poorbafrani<\/strong>
\nAssociate Professor, Ph.D. of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty Member of Department of Law, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran
\n&
\nMohammadjavad Heydarian Dolatabadi<\/strong>
\nBachelor in Law, Department of Law, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran<\/p>\n

Abstract: <\/strong>The incitement to the murder of the victim due to the provocation and mental agitation of the perpetrator and the subsequent murder deserves to be treated differently. It should be noted that although the excuse of provocation does not have a specific title in the public sector, but from the two articles 38 and 630 of the Islamic Penal Code, which are punishable by imprisonment and murder with retaliation, the perpetrator deserves to be commended and relieved. Responsibility knows and has the following conditions: – Because of the victim’s behavior and speech – the physical and direct appearance of the commission \u2013 the original or unintentional of the provocation and the presence of a specific and personal criterion in relation to the criminal conduct and the perpetrator. The present study also examines this issue in Iranian law and jurisprudence, considering the difference in provocation and provocation excitation in criminal law based on the library method.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Excuse of Provocation, Murder, Punishment of Taziri Imprisonment, Crime of Deserving Punishment, Killing in Marriage.<\/p>\n

Legal Status of Countermeasures after Intervening the UN Security Council \u200ein Non-Proliferation Law<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Mahdi Khalili Torghabe<\/strong>
\nM.A in International Law at School of International Relations, Affiliated to the \u200eMinistry of Foreign \u200eAffairs, Tehran, Iran
\n&
\nYaser Salarian<\/strong>
\nM.A. in International Law at School of International Relations, Affiliated to the \u200eMinistry of Foreign \u200eAffairs, Tehran, Iran<\/p>\n

Abstract: <\/strong>The case of Iran’s nuclear program was first referred to the UN Security Council by \u200ethe Board of Governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency in 2006, and \u200eUN Security Council adopted a number of resolutions against Iran. In consequence \u200eof these resolutions, some States apparently imposed more sanctions against Iran \u200eand went further beyond the resolutions. These States justified their acts under the \u200erules of countermeasures. A countermeasure under the non-proliferation regime, \u200ewhich is an especial regime, is very different than general international law. After \u200eengaging of UNSC to the relations between Iran and other States, the situation \u200ebecame more sophisticated.\u200e
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Security Council, Resolutions, Beyond-resolution Measures\u200e, Countermeasures, Non-\u200eproliferation Law.\u200e<\/p>\n

Legal Analysis of Adoption of the 2010 Beijing Convention in Strengthening International Aviation Security in the Light of the ICAO Preventive Approach<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Dr. Hedayatollah Shenasaei<\/strong>
\nPh.D. in International Public Law, Researcher in International Institute of Air and Space Law (Beijing), China University of Political Science and Law (CUPL)<\/p>\n

Abstract: <\/strong>In recent years, the ICAO started to modernize international conventions concerning aviation terrorism. The result of such an approach was criminalization of large number of acts as an unlawful interference against commercial aviation. For the first time, the 2010 Beijing Conventions criminalize the use of commercial aircraft as lethal weapons and for transportation of chemical, biological or nuclear weapons. Moreover, the main achievements of the Beijing Convention can be summarized: a threat to commit criminal acts or causing any person to receive such threat is considered as offence itself, if the threat is credible, conspiracy to commit criminal acts, cyber terrorism against air navigation facilities, legal and criminal liability of financial institution as \u201cAl-Qaeda Clause\u201d, assistance of offender of acts to evade criminal investigation and prosecution, agreeing with others to commit terrorist acts, regardless of whether the terrorist crime is actually committed or not. As a result, the Beijing Convention would greatly reduce the weaknesses and shortcomings of the former international conventions in relation to preventing, combating and suppression of unlawful acts against civil aircraft and provide a suitable ground for the development of multilateral international cooperation between state parties and the creation of an effective and uniform legal mechanism.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Aviation Security, ICAO, Preventive Strategy, Modernization, The 2010 Beijing Convention.<\/p>\n

Assessing Women\u2019s Right in Holding Public Positions; a Jurisprudence \u200ePerspective<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Parastoo Vosoughi<\/strong>
\nPh.D. Candidate of International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, \u200eAllameh Tabataba\u2019i University, Tehran, Iran\u200e<\/p>\n

Abstract: <\/strong>The dominant discourse on Iranian Women\u2019s Rights is based upon a formal reading \u200eof Islamic jurisprudence which gives priority to men over women and consequently \u200eprevents them from being eligible for holding public offices due to its allegedly \u200erequired dominance on men. According to the constitution of Islamic Republic of \u200eIran (principle 4), all laws and regulations should be in conformity with Islamic \u200estandards and principles. This necessity realizing through continuous Ijtehad of fully \u200equalified Islamic scholars, in virtue of the pre-mentioned dominance of the formal \u200ereading of Islamic jurisprudence has granted the right\u2019s eligibility criteria a male-\u200eoriented discriminatory attitude. In order to reach an ideal as well as practical \u200econclusion, the Islamic jurisprudential reasons and arguments of the opponents will \u200ebe analyzed in this essay. The author believe that there is no persuasive and decisive \u200ereason against the women\u2019s right to hold public office in the Islamic sources.\u200e
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Women’s Rights, Public Office, Islamic Jurisprudence, Judgment, Equality, Non \u200eDiscrimination.\u200e<\/p>\n

Study the Concept of Behaviors in Money Laundering in Iran’s Penal Law and \u200eAnti-Corruption Convention; Antitypes and Difficulties<\/p>\n

Dr. Aboulhasan Shakeri
\nAssociate Professor in Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law and Political \u200eSciences, Mazandaran University, Mazandaran, Iran
\nEmail: shakeri_criminallaw@yahoo.com
\n&
\nAtefe Sheikheslami
\nPh.D. Candidate in Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law
\nand Political \u200eSciences, Mazandaran University, Mazandaran, Iran<\/p>\n

Abstract: <\/strong>Behaviors which are committed in pursuit of money laundering are limitative and \u200eexpressly envisaged in international conventions and in the Anti-Money Laundering \u200eAct 1386. Conversion, Transfer, Exchange, Concealment, Disguise and \u2026 are \u200eamong these behaviors. Limitation of these cases and their proximity in terms of \u200emeaning in spite of having different concepts from a legal perspective have different \u200eeffects on the committing the money laundering, need to be investigated further and \u200emore detailed. Moreover, the money laundering penal code is silent about the \u200ebehavior of managing in contrast with Merida Convention and has criminalized \u200esome behaviors like exchanging and reserving which haven\u2019t seen in Merida \u200econvention.\u200e
\nBesides, both the Convention and money laundering penal code are silent about \u200ethe changing as one of behavior for laundering. The reason may be the special \u200eperspective to phrase of conversion that recognized its meaning area enough to \u200einvolve the meaning of change. However, with studding and examining the two \u200ebehaviors we can know some acts and behaviors have just coincided with the \u200ebehavior of changing and not conversion\u200f.\u200f\u200e This article has tried to study the \u200eambiguities, mentioned questions and either difficulties of money laundering code in \u200econtrast to Merida Convention more accurate with conceptualizing the mentioned \u200ephrases in both article 23 of Merida Convention and article 2 of Money Laundering \u200eCode and with using Italian and Spanish copy of Merida Convention in some cases.\u200e
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Money Laundering, Actues Rea, Committing Behavior, Merida Convention, Money \u200eLaundering Penal Code.\u200e<\/p>\n

The Blade and Silk: Analysis of Theoretical Foundations of Censorship in Cinema<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Dr. Vahid Agah<\/strong>
\nAssistant Professor of Public Law, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Allameh Tabataba\u2019i University, Tehran, Iran<\/p>\n

Abstract: <\/strong>In the realm of human rights, the right to freedom of expression is the most important right of freedom, and in some way, is the mother of human rights and artistic expression is considered of its kind. Artistic works, besides a form with taste and function of promotion and satisfaction of spiritual needs of human are different media and containing idea, message and form of thought of the creator, and among this, censorship is a process for disturbing in sending the thought of the artist. The censorship is slipping concept and has high interpretation tolerance that its theoretical foundations have been analyzed in this article, with a look at its Iranian type in terms of the status, reasons, efficiency, types and effects, and the result in brief, indicates that: 1- freedom of expression and naturally the right to freedom of artistic expression, the principle and censorship are exception, and the number of examples or its broad interpretation is prohibited; 2. The government does not have the competence to censorship, this is the responsibility for civil society, and the government must, of course, protect artists of cinema from society censorship; 3. Due to the advent of modern technologies and its communication tools, the censorship if even it is desirable, it is not possible; 4. The governmental censorship whether legal or illegal, would ultimately limit artistic rights, undermine the clarity and increase metaphor of the language of art and will follow by self-censorship.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Cinema, The Right to Freedom of Artistic Expression, Censorship, Film, Self-Censorship.<\/p>\n

Separation of Criminal Liability Arising from a Verb Other than Similar Criminal Offenses<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Dr. Kiomars Kalantari<\/strong>
\nProfessor of Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran
\n&
\nMohammadsadegh Farajpour<\/strong>
\nM.A. in Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran<\/p>\n

Abstract: <\/strong>Despite the legislator’s stipulation of the principle of the personal nature of criminal liability in Article 141 of the Islamic Penal Code, the authorities have accepted criminal responsibility for other behavior in a highly ambiguous and challenging matter, which has not been preceded by a record. Criminal liability arising from a non-verb that is even accepted in some legal systems as a principle in crimes against welfare is explicitly accepted as an exception in our criminal law. One of the challenges ahead With regard to article 142, is the title of the person responsible for the other conduct in our criminal law? Can a responsible person be judged according to one of the categories of interveners in the crime, such as the steward, the deputy and the partner? Basically we believe that the person responsible for the other conduct in Iran’s criminal law has the means to differentiate with the deputy, partner, spiritual subject, as well as causation is a crime, and we cannot justify the responsibility of these individuals under one of these titles.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Criminal Responsibility, Responsibility for another Action, Deputy in Crime, in Crime Partner, Spiritual Subject.<\/p>\n

Relationship between Victims Ram Theory and Penal Populism and its Impact on Iran’s Penal Policy<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Somaye Azizi<\/strong>
\nPh.D. Student in Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Tehran \u200eUniversity, College of Farabi, Qom, Iran \u200e
\n&
\nDr. Seyyed Mahmoud Mirkhalili<\/strong>
\nAssociate Professor of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Tehran \u200eUniversity, College of Farabi, Qom, Iran<\/p>\n

Abstract: <\/strong>One of the most important tasks of governments is to provide citizens with security. \u200eIn this regard, since the government and the penal justice authorities do not carry out \u200etheir real duties in dealing with the roots of crimes, projection and creating a mental \u200eform and a stereotypical picture of crime, thus suggest people that the reasons for \u200etheir deprivation of security is the convictions with the criminal offenders who \u200ethreaten public safety with commission of crimes; and therefore measures should be \u200etaken to punish them strictly and to exclude them from the constitution of the \u200ecommunity. Adopting such reactive measures that lack any scientific and expert \u200ebasis in identifying the causes of crime, poses a serious obstacle and challenge, and \u200eprovide grounds for the creation of penal populism, antipathy discourse and victim \u200eram. This article aims to investigate this issue by emphasizing Iran’s penal policy in \u200ethe form of three speeches.\u200e
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Control of Crime\u200e, To Provide Security, Projection, Penal Populism, Victim Ram.\u200e<\/p>\n

Analysis of Act of Political Crime in the Light of Articles 305 and 352 of Penal Trial Ritual Act and Principle 168 of Constitution\u00a0<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Mir Reza Salimi<\/strong>
\nJudge of Justice, Ph.D. Student in Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran<\/p>\n

Abstract: <\/strong>One of the principles of just trial is principle of openness of trial. Legislators of countries, as per a part of advisabilities, state exceptions of this principle, too. One of rights that have been taken for these criminals in lawful system of countries is principle of openness of holding trials related to political criminals, absolutely and there is no exception in it. In Iranian penal system, how of trial of political criminals has faced with many ups and downs, so that in a juncture. One of reasons of penal severity tendency against this category of criminals is fear of dominant power and instability of government after actions of political criminals while political criminals are present criminals and future heroes and soul of justice-seeking leads them toward deviation. So, existence of a separated penal policy whether in dimension of natural penal law and form penal law and also, holding trial of political criminals as open and without exception is unavoidable, a subject that has been predicted in principle 168 of constitution. But ordinary legislator in 2013, by enacting articles 305 and 352 of penal trial ritual act and article 4 of political crime act in 2016, has provided field of explicit and clear contradiction of principle 168 of constitution. The subject of the paper is to investigate this subject.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Political Criminal, Principle of Openness, Constitution, Penal Trial Ritual Act, Fair Trial.<\/p>\n

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\u00a0An Overview on the Freedom of Political Parties and Justified Restrictions thereof, in the Light of the Constitution of Iran with a Look at International Human Rights\u00a0 Instruments and Some Countries Constitutions<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Dr. Mohammad Mazhari<\/strong>
\nAssistant Professor and Faculty Member of Department of Law, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
\n&
\nMorteza Ghasemabadi<\/strong>
\nPh.D. Student, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran<\/p>\n

Abstract: <\/strong>Freedom of association and political party activities in international human rights documents and constitutions of most countries is a right that guaranteed to all citizens. Iran’s constitution recognized this right to all citizens but with the criterion of Articles 9 and 26, puts obligations on them. Thus, according to these principles can be said, the independence, freedom, national unity, Islamic standards and the Islamic Republic Foundation, as restrictions on the formation and activities of political parties, have been justified in terms of constitution and they can be looking at international documents that have been recognized as limitations justified such as public order, the rights and freedoms of others, etc.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Political Party, Group Liberties, Freedom of Political Parties, International Instruments, Iran’s Constitution.<\/p>\n

The Parentage of Born Children from Surrogate Womb; Comparative Study in Iran and Turkey Laws<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Naser Beyramie Farfar<\/strong>
\nPh.D. Student in Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
\n&
\nDr. Najmeh Razm Khah<\/strong>
\nAssistant Professor, Law Department, Faculty Member of PNU, Iran<\/p>\n

Abstract: <\/strong>As society is constantly changing, meaning and conception or the functions of social institutions also has been changed and infertility and reproductive ways has been changed and has taken a new shape simultaneously scientific and technologic advances in different areas. The main purpose of discussion around \u201cwomb rental agreement\u201d in this study was to consider one of the important effects of this agreement, i.e. \u201cdetermining parentage of the children born by this way\u201d. Surrogate agreement in pregnant is an agreement that is agreed between surrogate mother and infertile couples and according it the surrogate mother commit against infertile couple that the embryos from the sperm and egg in her womb reared and deliver the embryos after birth. One of the most important subjects and questions is that the child born from surrogate womb contract is attributed to which mother? Different perspectives are considered in Iran and Turkey in this regard. It seems that in spite of legislators\u2019 silence and lack of legislations in two countries, we can conclude that Iran legal attribute the child to genetic mother (the owner of oocyte) and Turkey legal attribute the so called child to biologic mother (The holder mother).
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Womb Surrogate, Parentage, Genetic Mother, Biologic Mother, Legal Parents.<\/p>\n

Civil Liability of Legal Entities Resulting from Transmission of Contagious Disease with Emphasis on British Law<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Dr. Alireza Rajabzadeh<\/strong>
\nFaculty Member at Kar University, Qazvin Branch, Qazvin, Iran, and Attorney at Law
\n&
\nDr. Bahareh Shafiei<\/strong>
\nPh.D. in Private Law, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran<\/p>\n

Abstract: <\/strong>Today the expansion of contagious diseases from HIV, Hepatitis, Ebola, Tuberculosis, made several crises in the world including our country, Iran. Among significant problems in this area is the responsibility of legal entities which is due to transmission of dangerous contagious diseases. What is called \u201cCivil Liability\u201d in English law is tort. Legal entities which are responsible for transmission of dangerous contagious diseases are the hospitals which negligence of any of hospital authorities can cause the transmission of the dangerous contagious disease to some people. \u201cCivil Liability\u201d of the hospital in the case can be contractual or tortuous or blood transfusion center which has the obligation of transportation of healthy and free from contamination blood and blood products, so in the event of neglect of any of legal entities, legal obligations must be considered so the rights of the victims of these diseases won’t be violated.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Civil Liability, Tort, Contagious Disease, Legal Entities.<\/p>\n

Bankruptcy Creditors’ Rights with a View to the New Bill<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Maryam Moradi Karnachi <\/strong>
\nM.A. in Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Kermanshah, Iran
\n&
\nDr. Rasool Parvin<\/strong>
\nAssistant Professor of Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Kermanshah, Iran<\/p>\n

Abstract: <\/strong>When it comes to bankruptcy, it seems that the situation of businessman’s creditors, in spite of the fact that there are more precise issues, the situation of creditors in a merchant so that he tries to violate their rights by resorting to the rules governing bankruptcy, should be considered more. Bankruptcy has two roles of bankruptcy and compensation. The historical mission of this legal foundation is to prevent the creation of new debts and pay the payment. It is possible, however, that the existence of debt is temporary and, after a period of time with the sale of goods, the receipt of credits or the effect of the passing of the creditors, it may be required to establish a fair policy on the balance of creditors, since in bankruptcy law principle is based on the equality of creditors, it is necessary to consider all diane as a source of obligation.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Bankruptcy, Stop, Creditor, Demands, Leniency Contract.<\/p>\n

Providing Ownership Rights through Mutual Agreement\u00a0 (Role of Contract in Possessing Lands of Individuals in General & Constructional Plans)<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Omid Mohammadi<\/strong>
\nAttorney at Law, Ph.D. Student in Private Law, Faculty of Private Law, University of Judicial Sciences and Administrative Services, Tehran, Iran
\n&
\nFatemeh Nouri<\/strong>
\nAttorney at Law, Ph.D. Student in Private Law, Faculty of Private Law, University of Judicial Sciences and Administrative Services, Tehran, Iran<\/p>\n

Abstract: <\/strong>Regarding the limitations created for the principle of free will in possessing individuals\u2019 lands in public and constructional plans, it seems already required to be materialized, and there is a precondition of mutual agreement and consent, and legislator deems a conditioning for the case. However, this agreements has itself some limitations and boundaries out of which such consent shall be null and void: For instance maximum price of agreed properties, time limitation for validity of such agreement and also it requires approval of the agreement by the inspecting officials of the executing authority. However, this condition of agreement seems to bear no obligation in the law of executive guarantee in terms of conditional orders to authenticate or cancel the transaction; hence it is recommended to consider a proper executive security to preserve ownership rights. One of the results of agreed and non-compulsory illegal possessions of others\u2019 ownership right in such plans is that in case necessity of execution of the plan is removed and its execution is aborted, the former owners of the said land are not entitled to apply for cancellation of the aforesaid conveyance. The reason for such case was recognized to be thematic exit of the said ownership from authority according to views of Public Board of Administrative Justice Court; anyway any dispute resulting from the performed agreements will be discussed by Public Courts of the Judiciary (not Administrative Justice Court).
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Agreement, Lands Ownership, Public & Constructional Plans, Adverse Effects of Agreement.<\/p>\n

The Role of Values in Rules to Protect Iran’s Irreplaceable Monuments<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Mohamad Sadeghi<\/strong>
\nM.A. in Private Law, Islamic Azad University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
\n&
\nNarges Karimi<\/strong>
\nPh.D. Student in Restoration and Conservation of Historical Buildings and Sites, \u200eRestoration Faculty, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran<\/p>\n

Abstract: <\/strong>Structural fundamentals of ownership of irreplaceable monuments in legislations of Iran are due to two norms: harmless and dominance. Domination of these norms are so widespread that juridical and semi-juridical systems, affected by that, regardless natural and legitimate ownership and selecting related ownership similar to theory of guardian council in 1361, they verdict to emit many of national treasures from national register area. In the absence of individuation and appointment of cultural-historical irreplaceable values, immediate or gradual destruction of these types of buildings are evident. Ruining these monuments is done by jobber men and through neglecting actions, or any acts affected by absence of valuation criterion in platform of legislation. So we can say that there is no buffer between heritage-cultural values and current legal system and their desires. This research tries to answer this question: \u201cwhat is the role of cultural-historical values of irreplaceable monuments in enacting legislations in private ownership area in Iran and how can extend up safety rule by using values in these types of buildings to general ownership?\u201d Research aims to critically study on regulations in cultural and historic wealth area and stating values in nature of these monuments where without them, rules would be inefficient and repulsive. This research tries to remove irreplaceable cultural-historic wealth from the limits of current ownership rules and balance the opinion of guardian council. The outcome of research is: historic buildings which are belonging to individual private ownership are legitimacy ownership that essentially creates no limits for any specific person. This type of ownership is generated due to proper location or time tool and continuity of this situation during time with keeping location status but should not conflict with natural and experimental right of people.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Private Ownership, Values of Irreplaceable Monuments, Irreplaceable Monuments Ownership, Irreplaceable Monuments of Iran.<\/p>\n

Criminal Implications of \u201cThe Nasirean Ethics: Sir Nasir Al-Din Tusi\u201d\u200e\u00a0<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Dr. Mohammad Faraji<\/strong>
\nPh.D. in Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Allameh \u200eTabataba\u2019i University, Tehran, Iran<\/p>\n

Abstract: <\/strong>Sir Nasir Al-Din Tusi is one of the prominent Iranian characters whose scientific endeavors \u200eand works in his time have been significant. The Nasirean Ethics as an ethical and \u200ephilosophical work is about edification of personal morality and social policy that its review is \u200evaluable. This article is to look at this significant book with a criminal science point of view in \u200eorder to find out its criminal implications. To do so, after referring to the division of science in \u200ethe view of Sir Nasir Al-Din Tusi, first, human; second, person and personal morality; and \u200ethird, society and social policy are explained. Consequently, regarding the Sir Nasir Al-Din \u200eTusi\u2019s definition of human, one could say that the education is the central part of edification of \u200epersonal morality and social policy and in terms of response to criminality he in principle give \u200epriority to the reintegrative response but not exclusive one. Furthermore, the death penalty as \u200ean eliminating response is not accepted.\u200e
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Human, Ethic, Society, Social Policy, Response to the Crime.\u200e<\/p>\n

Necessities and Barriers to Legalization of Euthanasia in Iran<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Ali Nabi<\/strong>
\nM.A. in Criminal Law and Criminology, Payam Noor University Damghan, Semnan, Iran<\/p>\n

Abstract: <\/strong>Euthanasia is a contentious issue in medical and legal assemblies. This issue is related to \u200eincurable patients who tolerate a lot of problems during the patience period, demanding life \u200edeprivation, for some reason. A few countries have legalized some types of euthanasia, and \u200esome others have reduced the punishment of perpetrators. But this is not recognized as legal \u200ein Iran and it is considered as murder. This research has studied about necessities and barriers \u200eto the legalization of euthanasia, by descriptive and analytical method. Required resources \u200ewere collected and analyzed with the library method. Finally, pain relief of patients, \u200eDemographic characteristics and the aging crisis ahead, high cost of maintaining patients, \u200eadaptation of euthanasia to the meaning of life and Creation goals were recognized as the \u200emost important necessities. The most important Barriers included Quran and jurisprudential, \u200eLegal and human rights constraints, ethical limitations and non-demand and social \u200eacceptance. It seems that, barriers to legalization of euthanasia in Iran, are stronger than its \u200enecessities, and overcoming them is not easy.\u200e
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Necessities, Barriers, Legalization, Euthanasia.\u200e<\/p>\n

Jurisprudence and Study on the Legal System of Company Registration<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Dr. Bahram Hasanzadeh<\/strong>
\nHead of the Office for Determining the Names of Legal Entities and Commercial \u200eRegistration, Ph.D. in Private Law, Edalat University, Tehran, Iran<\/p>\n

Abstract: <\/strong>Identification and transparency of the legal system of official registration of any \u200ekind of companies can be important in development and facilitation of business and \u200emonitoring of business activists. In Iran laws because of Inefficient regulations due to \u200ethe antiquity of commercial laws lots of problems have arisen for business activists and \u200ebusiness corporations. Laws and regulations of company registration in Iran do not \u200ehave any specified system. The vague existence of laws and regulations of company\u2019s \u200eregistration and its inconformity with the recent situation caused the confusion of \u200eanalytic laws and basic elements of company\u2019s registration.
\nHowever after constitutional revolution the situation of trading activities and procedure \u200eof formalizing the business activities have been find out so important but the lack of \u200ereform and updating, as well as the lack of proper localization of the necessary \u200eoversight and regulatory forecasts in business matters, have led to the incorporation of \u200emultiple corporate registration structures into some other registries, and some of the \u200esubstantive laws and regulations have taxis also extend the dominant space in the \u200eregistration process.\u200f
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Legal System, Pathology, Company Registration, Official Registration, Business Law, \u200eConflict, Business.\u200e<\/p>\n

Maritime Law Enforcement Operations and Intelligence in an Age of Maritime Security<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Author
\nDouglas Guilfoyle<\/strong>
\nProfessor of Law at the Faculty of Law, Monash University, Australia
\nTranslators
\nDr. Hossein Sadeghi<\/strong>
\nAssistant Professor of Private Law, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, Business \u200eDepartment\u200e, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran\u200e
\n&
\nZahra Ali Hemmati<\/strong>
\nM.A in Commercial Transportation Law, University of Judicial Sciences and Administrative Services, Tehran, Iran
\n&
\nMahdi Naser<\/strong>
\nPh.D. Student in Private Law, University of Judicial Sciences, and Administrative Services, Tehran, Iran<\/p>\n

Abstract: <\/strong>Implementing various Codes in the field of international maritime law regarding the establishment of maritime security is subject to the cooperation of the military and intelligence agencies of the countries in the implementation of laws and regulations in the field of intelligence and operational. This is due to the recognition of the competence of the country’s military and intelligence in the territorial waters of the country, the way in which information is collected, how to share and process information between the legal and military authorities in order to coordinate the implementation of the instructions, in accordance with the provisions of the Regulation, approved by that country. The implementation of such an operation is subject to the implementation of legal constraints on the interpretation and validation of information in order to create suspicion or assurance of national or transnational crimes by individuals within the territorial waters of a country. In the metropolitan areas, achieving such goals depends on the cooperation of the Commonwealth countries. Currently, there are two LRIT systems in the field of data collection in the domestic seas and VBSS operations in the area of data collection in the territorial seas of the countries and beyond. The implementation of such processes under international law with challenges such as the international cooperation mechanisms, the existence of rules on the sharing of military intelligence, the existence or lack of military capabilities of countries in collecting information, in particular, the warships in free waters, the type The competence, the scope of the competence and validation of information, the manner in which information is collected, the consent or dissatisfaction of a particular government of a suspect, etc., which strengthens the necessity of ratification of international conventions in this regard.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Maritime Law, Maritime Security, Territorial Jurisdiction, VBSS Operations.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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