{"id":20720,"date":"2021-05-18T09:24:55","date_gmt":"2021-05-18T04:54:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/?p=20720"},"modified":"2021-09-16T09:26:16","modified_gmt":"2021-09-16T04:56:16","slug":"journal-of-legal-research-number-45","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-45\/","title":{"rendered":"Journal of Legal Research – Number 45"},"content":{"rendered":"

Journal of<\/strong>
\nLEGAL RESEARCH<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Number 45<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Vol. XIX \u25cf No. 1
\nSpring 2021<\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

Managing Editor: Vahid Eshtiagh<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Editor-in-Chief: Seyyed Ghasem Zamani<\/strong><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

CONTENTS<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The Challenge of Definition of Crime in Iranian New Penal Code 1392<\/strong>
\nDr. Fereydoon Jafari<\/p>\n

\nThe Prevention of Repeating Offenses with Protection of Criminals Human Dignity from the Perspective of Criminological Doctrines<\/strong>
\nDr. Ebrahim Ghodsi & Behrouz Gholizadeh & Atefeh Sheikh Eslami<\/p>\n

\nThe Comparative Study and Comparison of Nature and Effects of Unauthorized Transaction in Stock Exchange and Transaction outside Market<\/strong>
\nMohammad Hesam Tavoosi & Dr. Rasool Parvin<\/p>\n

\nConception and Pillars of Decent Work<\/strong>
\nDr. Zohreh Rahmani<\/p>\n

\nA Comparative Study of the Concept of Freedom and its Implications in the Charter of Citizens\u2019 Rights and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights<\/strong>
\nAli Eslami & Zahra Jahangir & Dr. Mohammad Kazem Kaveh Pishghadam<\/p>\n

\nThe Analysis on Compatibility of Efsad-E-Fel-Arz [Corrupt on Earth] and Moharebeh against Nuclear Terrorism<\/strong>
\nDr. Seyed Mustafa Meshkat<\/p>\n

\nReviewing Environmental Factors Affecting the Drug Industrial (Case Study: Zanjan)<\/strong>
\nReza Ahadi & Dr. Shahram Mohammadi & Dr. Hasan Toghranegar<\/p>\n

\nPreventing Financial Crimes and Illegal Wealth of Governmental Officials<\/strong>
\nRaziyeh Sabzehali & Somaye Sarrami & Dr. Mahmood Ashrafy<\/p>\n

\nThe Tax for Right to Quality Arising from Implementation of Public – Constitutional Projects and Partition of Lands<\/strong>
\nFatemeh Hasanzadeh & Dr. Gholamreza Kamyar & Omid Mohammadi<\/p>\n

\nChallenges of \u201cVirtual Reality\u201d Tools in the Field of Computer Games (A Comparative Study in Iran and the US Legal Systems)<\/strong>
\nMahdi Naser & Dr. Hossein Sadeghi<\/p>\n

\nInstances of Deviation from Trial\u2019s Rules in the Claim to Sale Heritage with a View to Judicial Procedure<\/strong>
\nEhsan Bahramy<\/p>\n

\nOpinions of International Human Rights NGOs about Capital Punishment in Drug Related Crimes in Internal Law of the States<\/strong>
\nDr. Sattar Azizi & Dr Keivan Eghbali<\/p>\n

\nThe Role & Position of FATF in International Law System<\/strong>
\nDr. Habibollah Habibi & Dr. Shahram Zarneshan<\/p>\n

\nLa Constitutionnalisation De La Proc\u00e9dure P\u00e9nale En France Et Aux \u00c9tats-Unis<\/strong>
\nAuthor: Dr. Jean C\u00e9dras
\nTranslator: Alireza Noorian<\/p>\n

\n

\n

Articles<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\n

The Challenge of Definition of Crime in Iranian New Penal Code 1392<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\nOriginal Research
\nFereydoon Jafari<\/strong>
\nAssistant Professor of Law Department, Bu. Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran<\/p>\n

ABSTRACT:<\/strong>
\nIn criminal law specially and in other law disciplines generally the definition has high importance. Because it shows either the scope or realm of related discipline and avoid scattering them and also ensure the respect to the individual rights on the society. From 300 years ago with initiation of modern criminal law, the necessity of \u201cnullum crimen nulla poena sine lege\u201d as a fundamental rights of human beings entered in constitutional laws and charters, even taught many years before traditionally in Islamic or Christians orders this has been seen. In civil law countries like Iran, fulfillment of these rights in criminal law primarily necessitates \u201cthe definition of crime\u201d in penal code. As the Iranian new penal code enacted recently and is effective from June 2013, in this paper the author analyses the \u201cdefinition of crime\u201d cited in article 2 and its innovations and challenges.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Crime, Definition, Islamic Penal Code, Punishment, Security and training measures, Challenges.<\/p>\n

\n

\n

\n

The Prevention of Repeating Offenses with Protection of Criminals Human Dignity from the Perspective of Criminological Doctrines<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\nOriginal Research
\nDr. Ebrahim Ghodsi <\/strong>
\nAssociate Professor, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran.
\nBehrouz Gholizadeh <\/strong>
\nPh.D. Student in Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran.
\nAtefeh Sheikh Eslami<\/strong>
\nPh.D. Student in Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran.<\/p>\n

\nABSTRACT:<\/strong>
\nSince a high percentage of criminals commit crimes again after penalty, Dealing correctly with criminals and preventing crime, providing an important influence on the security of society. It is natural that in the event of non-performance and failure to deal properly with criminals punished properly, not only aims to provide criminals cannot be reformed, but their offense is repeated fields would be offered. From the perspective of human rights law and international regulations to reform the individual and society, human dignity should be the number one concern, and not only him as a Mean to intimidate and deter others, do not use (general prevention) But in order to punish the guilty and prevent a repetition of his crime, his abilities and capabilities are taken into consideration and try to make optimal use of them in order to correct him or her. Therefore, the inhibition of the offender, not only through his detention or removal. Also, we should attend to the negative effects penalties in deterring the offender from repeating the crime because this behavior increases the alienation and hatred in criminal person and will trouble his rehabilitation and resocialization. It should be noted that crime, though severe, is blameworthy, not only explain the conflicting reactions with human dignity but also happen to areas of commiting second and further crimes by the offender. The article point out that the criminal acts are not the authority for encounters, violent, disrespectful and wrong reactions against criminals and study the human dignity in the international and internal criminal law and examine the relationship between observance of human dignity and prevention of repeat offenses.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Prevention, Repetition of Crime, Human Dignity, Human Rights, International Conventions, Domestic Criminal Law.<\/p>\n

\n

\n

\n

The Comparative Study and Comparison of Nature and Effects of Unauthorized Transaction in Stock Exchange and Transaction outside Market<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\nOriginal Research
\nMohammad Hesam Tavoosi<\/strong>
\nM.A. in Private Law, Department of Law, College of Law, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran.
\nDr. Rasool Parvin<\/strong>
\nAssistant Professor, Department Law, College of Law, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran.<\/p>\n

ABSTRACT:<\/strong>
\nIf the broker trades in the client\u2019s account without any purchase or sale order, the transaction will be a prying transaction, which is one of the problems in the capital market. Therefore, if the owner approves the brokerage transaction of the broker, there will be no problem and financial responsibility Also does not notice the broker. But with the non-acceptance by the owner, the broker is considered a usurper and according to the special system that exists in the purchase and sale of securities in the stock exchange. In practice, there is no possibility of canceling the usurious transaction and therefore in case of rejection Curiosity or its enforcement by the owner in any case does not change the original situation, and it is the owner that if he does not enforce the transaction, he must be compensated and the rubbish returned to him.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> prying transactions, broker, instances of liability creation, securities, voyeur liability, owner permission and rejection.<\/p>\n

\n

\n

\nConception and Pillars of Decent Work<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\nOriginal Research
\nDr. Zohreh Rahmani<\/strong>
\nAssistant Professor of Department of Law, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Anzali Branch, Gilan, Iran<\/p>\n

ABSTRACT:<\/strong>
\nDecent work is key element to achieving fair conditions of work and poverty reduction. It sums up the aspiration of people in their working lives. Experience shows that economic growth on its own is not sufficient. We must do more to empower individuals through decent work, support people through social protection. The primary goal of the ILO today is to promote opportunities for women and men to obtain decent and productive work in conditions of freedom, equality, security and human dignity. Decent work and its four pillars-employment creation, social production, right at work and social dialogue become integral element for achieving sustainable development.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Fundamental Rights at Work, Decent Work, Social Justice.<\/p>\n

\n

\n

\n

A Comparative Study of the Concept of Freedom and its Implications in the Charter of Citizens\u2019 Rights and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Original Research
\nAli Eslami<\/strong>
\nBachelor\u2019s Student, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.
\nZahra Jahangir<\/strong>
\nPh.D. Student in Political Science the Public Policy, Political Science Department, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza Branch, Isfahan, Iran.
\nDr. Mohammad Kazem Kaveh Pishghadam<\/strong>
\nAssistant professor, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Law and Human Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.<\/p>\n

ABSTRACT:<\/strong>
\nIn today\u2019s modern world, the term freedom is very controversial while simple, so that no single definition of it can be presented. Different Islamic and non-Islamic schools have different perceptions about it, each school restricting it based on its own attitude. Some schools regard freedom as absolute, and others consider it to be conditional. The purpose of this study is to investigate the concept of freedom comparative and its implications in the Charter of Citizenship Rights of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, to answer these questions; is the concept of freedom and its implications applied equally in both documents? Is freedom recognized in one form in both documents? What are the limiting factors of freedom in documents? Answering these questions in the form of these hypotheses proves that the concept and implication of freedom is different in both documents, although in both documents freedom is considered as the absolute right of mankind. In the Charter of Civil Rights, a legitimate and binding freedom is accepted, while in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, it is recognized only as binding. The limiting factors of freedom in the Declaration of Human Rights are specified by the law and respect to the rights of others, while in Citizen Rights Charter, in addition to these two, factors such as the need to observe and preserve Islamic principles, the need for religious observance, good morals are specified.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Freedom, Charter of Citizens\u2019 Rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights.<\/p>\n

\n

\n

\n

The Analysis on Compatibility of Efsad-E-Fel-Arz [Corrupt on Earth] and Moharebeh against Nuclear Terrorism<\/h4>\n

Original Research
\nDr. Seyed Mustafa Meshkat<\/strong>
\nPh.D. in Criminal Law and Criminology, Islamic Azad University, Qeshm Branch, Hormozgan, Iran.<\/p>\n

ABSTRACT:<\/strong>
\nAccessing or attempting to access nuclear material in order to carry out terrorist acts is the most important nightmare of the international community in the current century. The activists of the international law system aimed at counteracting nuclear terrorism in the form of the convention for the suppression of acts of nuclear terrorism in 2005. Thus, the recommendation to criminalize a certain set of actions and to draw up appropriate sanctions against them is a criminal strategy adopted in the face of nuclear terrorism. In this way, Iran, by not joining the convention, has not yet carried out an independent criminalization of nuclear terrorism; nevertheless, the national legislator, following an innovative action by using jurisprudential doctrines, clarifies the crime of Efsad-E-Fel-Arz [corrupt on earth] in article 286 of the Islamic Penal Code 2013. Accordingly, it is found that the definition of the crime as a result crime, the ambiguity in the psychological pillar and not consisting of certain instances of nuclear terrorism is among the most important challenges facing nuclear terrorism. Thus, during this study, the intention was to take the pathology of compatibility of Efsad-E-Fel-Arz [corrupt on earth] and Moharebeh against nuclear terrorism and then the numbers of solutions were proposed.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Nuclear Terrorism, Dispersal of Nuclear Material, Nuclear Sabotage, Terrorist Organization, Moharebeh and Efsad-E-Fel-Arz [Corrupt on Earth].<\/p>\n

\n

\n

Reviewing Environmental Factors Affecting the Drug Industrial (Case Study: Zanjan)<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Original Research
\nReza Ahadi<\/strong>
\nM.A. in Law, Criminal Justice and Criminology, Law Department, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.
\nDr. Shahram Mohammadi <\/strong>
\nAssistant Professor, Department of Law, University of Kurdistan, Kurdistan, Iran.
\nDr. Hasan Toghranegar<\/strong>
\nAssistant Professor, Department of Law, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.<\/p>\n

ABSTRACT:<\/strong>
\nThis study investigates the reasons of industrial drug addiction in Zanjan. To investigate the problem, Durkheim and Merton\u2019s theories, Shaw and Mackey\u2019s social disorganization have been used. The methodology is causal-comparative and the population includes the addicts in camps. The sample includes 180 subjects of those available in these camps selected through simple sampling. The tool for data collection is a self-designed questionnaire, and content validity and Cronbach\u2019s alpha were used for validity and reliability respectively, where the total alpha value of independent variables was 0.77. Based on the findings of this study, the main items for changing the pattern of consumption from traditional to industrial drugs are the traditional ones having less euphoria and more consumption difficulty as well as the industrial drugs being cheap. In terms of location, Bisim, Islamabad and Daneshsara have respectively the most individuals consuming industrial drugs. The results obtained in this study are consistent with the results of some of the results of the studies conducted and confirmed the theories used in this article. The results show that there is a significant relationship among anomie, place of residence and emigration, unemployment, easy access and addiction to the industrial drugs.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Anomie, Unemployment, Easy Access, Place of Residenceand Emigration, Industrial Drugs.nemployment, easy access and addiction to the industrial drugs.<\/p>\n

\n

\n

\nPreventing Financial Crimes and Illegal Wealth of Governmental Officials<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Original Research
\nRaziyeh Sabzehali <\/strong>
\nM.A. Instructor of Islamic Azad University, Faculty of Economy and Law, Khomeini Shahr Branch, Isfahan, Iran.
\nSomaye Sarrami <\/strong>
\nPh.D. Student in Political Science the Public Policy, Political Science Department, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza Branch, Isfahan, Iran.
\nDr. Mahmood Ashrafy<\/strong>
\nAssistant Professor, Faculty Member, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Humanities and Law, Islamic Azad University of Isfahan, Khorasgan Branch, Isfahan, Iran.<\/p>\n

ABSTRACT:<\/strong>
\nOne of the biggest challenges of the present era is the Financia crimes of the governors and governmental officials. It is not a new issue but dates back to the beginning of the government. According to article 47 of constitution, legal ownership is respectful. Illegal ownership is not respected and lawmakers should avoid earning illegal wealth and monitor their wealth in order to prevent financial crimes. When of wealth and properties are clear, Corruption will be prevented and people will trust the governors more. Accordingly to enhance public trust to the governmental officials and governors and increase administrative health executive by law for the rules investigating the governor\u2019s wealth and properties in Islamic Republic of Iran was passed on 23.03.1398. The research method used is experimental-descriptive method and library method was used.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Financial Crimes, Preventing, Property, Illegal.<\/p>\n

\n

\n

\n

The Tax for Right to Quality Arising from Implementation of Public – Constitutional Projects and Partition of Lands<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Original Research
\nFatemeh Hasanzadeh <\/strong>
\nM.A. in International Law, Mofid Qom University, Qom, Iran.
\nDr. Gholamreza Kamyar <\/strong>
\nTeacher of Law Departemnt, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
\nOmid Mohammadi<\/strong>
\nPh.D. Student in Private Law, Faculty of law, University of Judicial Sciences and Administrative Services, Tehran, Iran.<\/p>\n

ABSTRACT:<\/strong>
\nThe right to quality is the right to take part of value added resulting from implementation of governmental and municipal public development projects or arising from division or partition of people\u2019s lands. The construction and development of roads and providing public facilities and implementation of urban planning may cause overestimate value for people\u2019s estates or lands that is believed to be unfair.
\nThis point of view resulted in enacting amendment to article 101 of municipality law and license to obtain estate value added arising from partition and division in 1390. The legal system governing the right to quality has changed over the past hundred years. The authors of the laws did not have the same idea before and after the victory of the revolution.
\nThe law of abolishing the right to quality authorized in 1360 was extinct; however, efforts were not made to restore it. The judicial process has not taken a similar form in this regard. There are variant judge\u2019s opinions related to the views of the Guardian Council\u2019s jurisprudents about the right to quality. In this article, laws, jurisprudence and doctrine related to the right to qualify will be analyzed.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Right to Quality, Right to Vicinity, Estate Value Added, Public Roads and Passages, Implementation of Public and Construction Project.<\/p>\n

\n

\n

\n

Challenges of \u201cVirtual Reality\u201d Tools in the Field of Computer Games (A Comparative Study in Iran and the US Legal Systems)<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\nOriginal Research<\/p>\n

Dr. Hossein Sadeghi<\/strong>
\nAssistant Professor of Private Law, Business Department, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. *. Corresponding Author
\nMahdi Naser<\/strong>
\nPh.D. Student in Private Law, Faculty of Law, University of Judicial Sciences and Administrative Services, Tehran, Iran.<\/p>\n

ABSTRACT:<\/strong>
\nWith the development of technology, active companies are able to produce new tools that can simulate human movements in cyberspace. The use of these tools, known as \u201cvirtual reality\u201d has many challenges in various legal areas, including intellectual property rights. Challenges to the requirement or non-requirement of the manufacturer of these tools to present their manufacturing technology to the service company and derivative issues raised, issues of over copyright, trademark rights, and copyrights, challenges associated with the compensation mechanism in violations of intellectual property rights of related software tools, related to the theft of personal information or user biometric properties, and the impact on users\u2019 psychological and psychological state of these tools are among the issues raised in this area. Solving existing challenges requires legal policies to regulate the use of these tools, solve legal challenges, and review the mechanisms for protecting personal information and biometrics of users of these tools.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Virtual Reality, Challenges and Solutions, Policies, American Law, Iranian Law.<\/p>\n

\n

\n

Instances of Deviation from Trial\u2019s Rules in the Claim to Sale Heritage with a View to Judicial Procedure<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Original Research<\/p>\n

Ehsan Bahramy<\/strong>
\nPh.D. Student in Private Law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. *. Corresponding Author<\/p>\n

ABSTRACT:<\/strong>
\nWhen a person dies and leaves Registrated heritage, final owners of heritage may intend to sale heritage because of practical problems of parcenary in ownership. Evidently, if sale of foregoing heritage is not peacefully Feasable, claim to sale heritage will appear. Trial of claim to sale heritage is sometimes in contrast with the rules of trial and adherent to exceptional provisions. Hence, the claim to sale, which is propounded in the courts, will be Heared only after propounding the claim to partite in documents and estates registration office and Emissioning the certification of non-partition. The request of claim must be passing sentence in an exceptional mode and subsequently, the court determines to sale in an exceptional format. Determining to sale in an exceptional format has effects. First, determination to sale is not subject to the functus officio and judgment of the judge rules. Second, although it is not possible to protest to determination to sale through ordinary and extraordinary ways established in civil procedure code, interested individuals can lawsuit for revocation of the determination to sale. Third, determination to sale is always contradictory. In this paper, we intend to specify foregoing instances in a theoretical mode and search them in judicial procedure.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Claim, Sale, Heritage, Rule, Exception.<\/p>\n

\n

\n

\n

\nOpinions of International Human Rights NGOs about Capital Punishment in Drug Related Crimes in Internal Law of the States<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Original Research
\nDr. Sattar Azizi <\/strong>
\nAssociate Professor, Department of Law of Faculty of Literature and Humanities-Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.<\/p>\n

Dr Keivan Eghbali<\/strong>
\nResercher in The Judiciary Institute, Ph.D. in International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Allameh Tabatabaii University, Tehran, Iran.<\/p>\n

ABSTRACT:<\/strong>
\nCritics about capital punishment for drug related crimes have been among biggest critics of nongovernmental international human rights organizations against our country. However, the laws of about thirty countries containing capital punishment for drug related crimes and therefor a comparison study of these laws and statistics about drug related executions with law and related executions in Iran, can be used as a good mean for analyzing of level of neutrality in opinions of international human rights NGOS in relation to Iran. According to this and by examining the approach of these human rights institutions, it can be concluded that mentioned institutions, have critical opinions in relation to execution of drug criminals and so their critical opinions about Islamic Republic of Iran cannot be considered as exceptional and discriminatory. However, it seems that the volume of criticism against Iran, because of considerable numbers of drug related executions and negative propaganda against Iran, is far more than other countrie
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Capital Punishment, Drug Related Crimes, International NGOS, Human Rights.<\/p>\n

\n

\n

\n

\nThe Role & Position of FATF in International Law System<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Original Research<\/p>\n

Dr. Habibollah Habibi <\/strong>
\nPh.D. in International Law, Faculty of Law, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch, Hamedan, Iran. *. Corresponding Author
\nDr. Shahram Zarneshan
\nAssistant Professor, Law Department, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.<\/p>\n

ABSTRACT:<\/strong>
\nThe range of responses to the phenomenon of money laundering, terrorism financing and the proliferation has a global dimension and given the diverse reactions of the international community through regional and global organizations, the legal policies of the FATF sooner than previously thought were reflected in domestic and international law and international community. In the meantime, the international community has come to the conclusion that the international fight against money laundering, terrorist financing and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction is only possible through systematic means. FATF is the center of expression of the will of governments and the international community to eradicate these phenomena. The role and position of the FATF in this regard as an international organization has always been controversial in the field of international law. The authors seek to prove this assumption that the FATF is an international organization with a global scope and that its role, position and the recommendations complying with international and customary law.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Terrorist Financing, Money Laundering, International Monitoring and Evaluation, Recommendations, Standards.<\/p>\n

\n

\n

La Constitutionnalisation De La Proc\u00e9dure P\u00e9nale En France Et Aux \u00c9tats-Unis<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Translated Paper<\/p>\n

Author: Dr. Jean C\u00e9dras<\/strong>
\nProfessor at the Faculty of Law, Advocate General in the Court of Cassation, Secretary General of the International Criminal Court.<\/p>\n

Translator: Alireza Noorian<\/strong>
\nPh.D. Student in Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Edalat University, Tehran, Iran, Judge of Justice. Email: noorian@rocketmail.com<\/p>\n

ABSTRACT:<\/strong>
\n\u00c9tranges noces en v\u00e9rit\u00e9 que celles de la Constitution et de la proc\u00e9dure p\u00e9nale! Au d\u00e9part, rien ne semblait devoir les rapprocher. En premi\u00e8re analyse en effet, la constitution d\u2019un pays, c\u2019est essentiellement l\u2019organisation des pouvoirs publics, le texte fondamental dont tous les autres d\u00e9rivent dans l\u2019ordonnancement juridique interne, Le processus de constitutionnalisation des garanties de l\u2019accus\u00e9 dans la proc\u00e9dure p\u00e9nale, n\u00e9 aux Etats-Unis, s\u2019\u00e9tend \u00e0 de nombreux pays, notamment \u00e0 la France. Deux traits sont marquants: la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 sujette \u00e0 caution des organes finaux du contr\u00f4le (Cour supr\u00eame f\u00e9d\u00e9rale et Conseil constitutionnel), nomm\u00e9s par le pouvoir politique et le caract\u00e8re largement pr\u00e9torien du contr\u00f4le (d\u00e9cisions Marbury v. Madison 1803; Libert\u00e9 d\u2019association, 1971). Avec beaucoup de retard sur le mod\u00e8le am\u00e9ricain, la France s\u2019est engag\u00e9e \u00e0 son tour dans un processus qui bride la souverainet\u00e9 du l\u00e9gislateur (\u00e9largissement de la saisine du Conseil et r\u00e9serves d\u2019interpr\u00e9tation pr\u00e9toriens et r\u00e9cemment, loi constitutionnelle sur la question prioritaire de constitutionnalit\u00e9).
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Constitutionalisation, Constitution, proc\u00e9dure p\u00e9nale, justice du base.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Journal of LEGAL RESEARCH Number 45 Vol. XIX \u25cf No. 1 Spring 2021   Managing Editor: Vahid Eshtiagh Editor-in-Chief: Seyyed Ghasem Zamani     CONTENTS The Challenge of Definition of Crime in Iranian New Penal Code 1392 Dr. Fereydoon Jafari The Prevention of Repeating Offenses with Protection of Criminals Human Dignity from the Perspective of…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":20721,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[450,457,453,456],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20720","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archive-of-charters","category-journal-of-legal-research","category-magazines-published-by-the-institute","category-published-legal-research-journals"],"yoast_head":"\nJournal of Legal Research - Number 45 - \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - 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