{"id":2744,"date":"2018-08-11T12:33:05","date_gmt":"2018-08-11T08:03:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/minamohammadi.ir\/?p=2744"},"modified":"2020-03-17T15:22:44","modified_gmt":"2020-03-17T11:52:44","slug":"journal-of-legal-research-number-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-4\/","title":{"rendered":"Journal of Legal Research – Number 4"},"content":{"rendered":"

Journal of<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Legal Research<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Number 4<\/strong><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

Vol. II No. 2<\/strong>
\nAutumn 2003 – Winter 2004<\/strong><\/h3>\n

<\/h4>\n

Managing Editor: Vahid Eshtiagh<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Editor-in-Chief: Seyyed Ghasem Zamani<\/strong><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Contents<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Articles<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Saddam’s Trial and the Question of Jurisdiction in National and International Law\u00a0<\/strong>
\nAli Khaleghi (Ph.D(.<\/p>\n

Judgment of the International Court of Justice in the Oil Platforms Case: Judicial Diplomacy in International Justice<\/strong>
\nS. Jamal Seifi (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

Construction of the Wall in Palestinian Occupied Territories: the Question of its Legitimacy in the Shadow of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law<\/strong>
\nVictor de Currea-Lugo; Translated by S. Hossein Sadat Meidani<\/p>\n

Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) and Standards of Foreign Investment<\/strong>
\nMasoud Sabour<\/p>\n

How to Apply the Principle of Non-Refoulement in front of War Refugees?<\/strong>
\nFatemeh Kayhanloo<\/p>\n

Legal Nature of Bank Guarantee in the Iranian Law<\/strong>
\nAlireza Masoudi (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

Special Issue: International Law and the Establishment of<\/strong>
\nNuclear Security<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Nuclear Security and Non-Proliferation in International Customary Law<\/strong>
\nNader Saed<\/p>\n

Nuclear Weapons as a Point of Coincidence of Jus ad bellum and Jus in bello<\/strong>
\nHasan Savari<\/p>\n

The Place of Provisional Application of the Additional Protocol to NPT in the Iranian Public Law<\/strong>
\nParvaneh Tila<\/p>\n

The Protection of Nuclear Installations in Armed Conflicts<\/strong>
\nMohsen Abdollahi<\/p>\n

Critique and Presentation<\/strong><\/p>\n

Decision of the General Board of the Supreme Court about Hearing of Insolvency Claim Before Imprisonment in Context of Iran’s International Obligations<\/strong>
\nS. Ghasem Zamani (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Articles<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Saddam’s Trial and the Question of Jurisdiction in<\/strong>
\nNational and International Law<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Ali Khaleghi (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nThe capture of Saddam Hossein, former president of Iraq, has raised
\nseriously the question of his trial for the crimes that he has committed
\nagainst the Iraqi people during his reign and against his neighbors on the
\noccasion of his aggressions to Iran and Kuwait. Considering the great
\nharms inflicted to Iran and the damages to the international public order,
\nthe peace and the security of international community caused by Saddam,
\nthis article treats respectively the jurisdiction of Iranian tribunals and the
\ninternational penal instances to try the seniors of former Iraqi regime.
\nAfter examining the effectives and restrictions of these systems, the article
\ntends to show the way, which appears to ensure better a fair trial for all
\ndefendants in order to protect their rights to defence and the rights of the
\nvictims.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Judgment of the International Court of Justice in the Oil<\/strong>
\nPlatforms Case: Judicial Diplomacy in International Justice<\/strong><\/h4>\n

S. Jamal Seifi (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nAfter 11 years, finally on 6 November 2003 the International Court of
\nJustice delivered its Judgment on the merits of the Oil Platforms Case
\nbetween Iran and the United States. In the Judgment, the Court dismissed
\nIran’s claim that by attacking and destroying Iranian oil platforms on 19
\nOctober 1987 and 18 April 1988, the United States interrupted the
\nfreedom of commerce between the territories of the two countries and
\nbreached its obligations under Article 10 (1) of the 1955 Treaty of Amity
\nbetween Iran and the United States. Thus, the Court rejected Iran’s claim
\nfor compensation.
\nIn the meantime, however, the Court found that the actions of the
\nUnited States in attacking Iranian oil platforms did not constitute a
\nmeasure for protection of fundamental security interests of the United
\nStates from the point of view of Article 20(1)(d) of the Treaty of Amity as
\ninterpreted in the light of principles of international law relating to the
\nuse of force, there by indicating, implicitly, that the US actions were an
\nunlawful use of force under international law. However, as explained
\nabove, the Court did not allow Iran’s claim for compensation. The Court
\nalso rejected United States counterclaim that in allegedly attacking the US
\nships in the Persian Gulf in the later part of Iran-Iraq war, Iran
\ninterrupted freedom of commerce between the territories of the two
\ncountries and beached its obligations under Article 10(1) of the Treaty of
\nAmity. Thus, the Court rejected the US claim for compensation.
\nAlthough the final Judgment of the Court did not satisfy the formal
\nclaim of either party, the judicial diplomacy of the Court may be seen
\nwithin the general context of the international system and in the light of
\nreiteration of the importance of the rules of international law for
\ninternational peace and security. In addition, the Court’s Judgment
\ncontains innovations in the international judicial process and creates
\ncertain questions in that regard. In particular, the legal effect of the
\nCourt’s finding with respect to non-compliance of the US actions with
\nArticle 20(1)(d) of the Treaty Amity deserves independent analysis.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Construction of the Wall in Palestinian Occupied<\/strong>
\nTerritories: The Question of its Legitimacy in the Shadow of<\/strong>
\nHuman Rights and Humanitarian Law<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Victor de Currea-Lugo<\/strong>
\nTranslated by S. Hossein Sadat Meidani<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nNon fulfillment of international obligations by the Israel regime in the
\noccupied territories takes the new dimensions everyday. The construction
\nof a wall separating these territories in two sections, on the pretext of
\nfighting terrorism and protecting the security of Israel, is completely
\nagainst most international standards of human rights and humanitarian
\nlaw. Written in January 2004, this article examines the legitimacy of
\nconstruction of the wall from international law point of view.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) and<\/strong>
\nStandards of Foreign Investment<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Masoud Sabour<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nForeign investment plays an essential role in economic development of
\nevery country, specially in developing and less developed countries.
\nHowever non-commercial risks, such as currency transfer, expropriation
\nand similar measures, breach of contract, war and civil disturbances are
\nimportant factors which impede foreign investments.
\nThe Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency as a member of World
\nBank Group was established in 1988. MIGA can plays an important role in
\nthe encouragement of foreign investment complementing national and
\nregional investment guarantee programs and private insurers of
\nnon-commercial risks.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

How to Apply the Principle of Non-Refoulement in front of<\/strong>
\nWar Refugees?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Fatemeh Kayhanloo<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nThe principle of non-refoulement of refugees to their country is well
\nestablished in conventional and customary international law. However, the
\nrights of states to protect their national security has provoked some
\nchallenges in this regard specially in the occasion of large vague of war
\nrefugees.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Legal Nature of Bank Guarantee in the Iranian Law<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Alireza Masoudi (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nBank guarantee is a document, which is issued by the bank and by which
\nthe bank undertakes to pay the mentioned sum of guarantee to the
\nbeneficiary in case of original promissor’s violation and failure. However,
\nin the Iranian civil code a contract of guarantee has many differences with
\nbank guarantee in International Trade. The nature of bank guarantee in
\nthe Iranian legal system has been discussed in this article.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Nuclear Security and Non-Proliferation in International<\/strong>
\nCustomary Law<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Nader Saed<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nNon-proliferation, in its strictly meaning, is a system for the control and
\nprevention of making new nuclear states. While the Nuclear
\nNon-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) has been enforced for more than three
\ndecades and the UN Security Council as well as the IAEA Board of
\nGovernors have issued many resolutions on this matter, they could not
\ntransform it into UN international customary norm.
\nThis Article analyzes the non-proliferation regime and its
\ninternational legal nature as a conventional or customary norm. The
\nauthor believes that the discriminatory rights and duties of the NPT’s state
\nparties that is unconformity with the equal sovereignty of states, have
\nimpeded the opinio juris necessary to formation of a custom as an
\nimportant part of international community. In addition, enforcing a system
\nby some states under an inevitable condition and within a political
\nimpulsion environment can not necessarily emerge the opinio juris or
\ncollective opinion in the international community.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Nuclear Weapons as point of Coincidence of Jus ad bellum<\/strong>
\nand Jus in bello<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Hasan Savari<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nAs a fundamental principle, the use or treat to use of force is prohibited in
\ninternational relations.
\nSelf-defence and UN collective security system are the only exceptions
\nof this principle. Weather International Humanitarian law is high
\ndeveloped and stabilized which affects the use or treat to use of Nuclear
\nweapons even in the self defence. The issue is studied in the shadow of
\nadvisory opinion of ICJ (1996).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The Place of Provisional Application of the Additional<\/strong>
\nProtocol to NPT in the Iranian Legal System<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Parvaneh Tila<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nA treaty or a part of it may be applied provisionally before its entry into
\nforce, if it is so provided or if the negotiating states have in some other
\nmanner so agreed.
\nOn 12 September 2003, IAEA Board of Governors adopted a
\nresolution about the application of the NPT safeguards agreement in the
\nIslamic Republic of Iran. In paragraph 6 of the resolution, IAEA requests
\nIran to work with the Secretariat promptly and unconditionally, to sign,
\nratify and fully implement the additional protocol as a confidence-building
\nmeasure, henceforth to act in accordance with the additional protocol. Iran
\nagreed to sign the additional protocol, and has provisionally applied it.
\nThe current issue has been studied in the constitutional law of Iran.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The Protection of Nuclear Installations in Armed Conflicts<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Mohsen Abdollahi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nThe international humanitarian law lays down the restrictions to the
\nactivities of belligerents in the armed conflicts. The additional protocols to
\nGeneva conventions 1949 have forbidden the attacks to nuclear reactors of
\nelectricity power and have tried to protect the civilian population living
\nnear these reactors. The present article examines the conditions of this
\nprotection and the possibility of transformation of these reactors to the
\nlegitimate military objectives.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Journal of Legal Research Number 4   Vol. II No. 2 Autumn 2003 – Winter 2004 Managing Editor: Vahid Eshtiagh Editor-in-Chief: Seyyed Ghasem Zamani     Contents Articles   Saddam’s Trial and the Question of Jurisdiction in National and International Law\u00a0 Ali Khaleghi (Ph.D(. Judgment of the International Court of Justice in the Oil Platforms…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3371,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[450,457,453,456],"tags":[460,461,462],"class_list":["post-2744","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archive-of-charters","category-journal-of-legal-research","category-magazines-published-by-the-institute","category-published-legal-research-journals","tag-law","tag-legal-research","tag-the-journal-of-legal-research"],"yoast_head":"\nJournal of Legal Research - Number 4 - \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-4\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Journal of Legal Research - 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