{"id":2746,"date":"2018-08-11T12:46:08","date_gmt":"2018-08-11T08:16:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/minamohammadi.ir\/?p=2746"},"modified":"2020-03-17T15:21:54","modified_gmt":"2020-03-17T11:51:54","slug":"journal-of-legal-research-number-5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/","title":{"rendered":"Journal of Legal Research – Number 5"},"content":{"rendered":"

Journal of<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Legal Research<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Number 5<\/strong><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

Vol. III No. 1<\/strong>
\nSpring – Summer 2004<\/strong><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

Managing Editor: Vahid Eshtiagh<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Editor-in-Chief: Seyyed Ghasem Zamani<\/strong><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Contents<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Articles<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Integration of Islamic Countries and Specially Iran into International Legal-Economic System and its Challenges<\/strong>
\nBehrooz Akhlaghi (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

Public Hearing in the Light of International Instruments and National Law\u00a0<\/strong>
\nAli Khaleghi (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

Judicial Interpretation of the Iranian Constitution and the Practice of the Administrative Court of Justice<\/strong>
\nParvaneh Tila<\/p>\n

International Court of Justice and the Advisory Opinion on Legal Consequences Arising from Construction of the Wall by Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory<\/strong>
\nAmin Zarefar & Hamid Hashemi<\/p>\n

The New Resolution of the IAEA Board of Governors on Iran An Assessment of the Respect for International Law<\/strong>
\nNader Saed<\/p>\n

Concept, Legal Nature and Formalities of Buy Back Investment Contracts<\/strong>
\nJavanmard Sadeghi<\/p>\n

The Protection of Patents in the World Trade Organization<\/strong>
\nAmir Saed Vakil<\/p>\n

Methods of Restitution of Contractual Obligation Breach in the International Sales of Goods Convention<\/strong>
\nMohsen Sadeghi<\/p>\n

The Prosecution of Senior State Officials in National Tribunals for International Crimes (Some Comments on the Congo v. Belgium Case)<\/strong>
\nAntonio Cassese
\nTranslated by: Hamid Reza Javidzadeh<\/p>\n

Special Issue: Insufficiencies of the Law of Companies<\/strong>
\nin Iran<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Legal Aspects of Capital in Joint-Stock Companies (Round-table(<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Necessity of Amendment of Iranian Commercial Code Concerning Minimum Capital of Joint-Stock Companies<\/strong>
\nVahid Eshtiagh (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

The Rights of Minority Shareholders in Merger or Consolidation of Corporations<\/strong>
\nAhmad Beigi Habibabadi (Ph.D.(<\/p>\n

Control of the Activities of Directors by Governmental Agencies in English and Iranian Legal Systems<\/strong>
\nSeyed Elhameddin Sharifi (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

Legal Formalities for Transfer of Shares in Joint-Stock Companies<\/strong>
\nSaeed Safian<\/p>\n

Critique and Presentation<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Reflections on UN Security Council Resolution 1559 on Lebanese Sovereignty and Withdrawal of Foreign Forces<\/strong>
\nSeyed Ghasem Zamani (Ph.D.(<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Articles<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Integration of Islamic Countries and Specially Iran into Internt<\/strong>a<\/strong>ional Legal-Economic System and its Challenges<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Behrooz Akhlaghi (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nThere is observed an increasing urgent need for integration of developing
\ncountries into the international economic-legal system and WTO.
\nAs a matter of fact, these countries are confronted with many
\nchallenges in this way, but we must bear in mind that joining the WTO is
\nnot a solution for all their economic problems.
\nThey must want it and stick to their wills and determination and
\nemploy all best efforts for developing their countries. It may be useful to
\nchoose South Korea as a model in this regard.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Public Hearing in the Light of International Instruments<\/strong>
\nand National Law<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Ali Khaleghi (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nPublic hearing is one of the important guarantees in criminal proceedings
\nwhich is emphasized in the Constitutions of several countries and different
\ninternational instruments. This principle is also included in the Iranian
\nConstitution and in the international Covenant on civil and political rights,
\napproved by the Parliament, hence it has a remarkable place in our legal
\nsystem. However, sometimes the Iranian legislator has not completely
\nrespected this essential principle, and restricted its scope. The present
\narticle aims to clarify the foundation and content of this principle and to
\nshow its limitations in Iranian law.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Judicial Interpretation of the Iranian Constitution and the<\/strong>
\nPractice of the Administrative Court of Justice<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Parvaneh Tila<\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nIn the Iranian law as any other written legal system, the Constitution is the
\nhighest source of laws and therefore any contradictory laws would be void
\nand illegal. In order to guarantee the respect of superior rules or laws by
\nthe regulations adopted by the Executive power, several legal supervisions
\nhave been established. This article analyzes the role of the Iranian Court
\nof Administrative Justice (CAJ) (Divan -e- Edalat -e- Edari) in this way.
\nThe author believes that interpretative function is not only through the
\nformal interpretation by the Iranian Guardian Council (Shora -ye-
\nNegahban) but also through the jurisprudence i.e., practice of (at least,
\nadministrative) judges and Judicial power. The practice of the CAJ
\nemphasizes its judicial interpretation of the Constitution and insists on the
\nsupremacy of the Constitution.<\/p>\n

International Court of Justice and the Advisory Opinion on<\/strong>
\nLegal Consequences Arising from Construction of the Wall by<\/strong>
\nIsrael in the Occupied Palestinian Territory<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Amin Zarefar & Hamid Hashemi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nOn 8 December 2003 and at its Tenth Emergency Special Session United
\nNations General Assembly adopted Resolution ES-10\/14 requesting
\nInternational Court of Justice for an Advisory Opinion on legal
\nconsequences arising from construction of the wall by Israel in the
\noccupied Palestinian territory. On 9 July 2004 the Court issued its
\nAdvisory Opinion while recognized its jurisdiction. In accordance with
\nUnited Nations Charter, General Assembly Resolution 2625, the principle
\nof self-determination of people, human rights and humanitarian law
\nconventions, the Court concluded that the Wall was illegal and so had to
\nbe ceased immediately and Israel had to compensate. Moreover, other
\nstates have obligation not to recognise that situation and to promote
\nrealization of the principle of self-determination of people, to ensure
\nrespect for regulations of forth Geneva conventions (1949) and United
\nNations has obliged to adopt further measure in this matter.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The New Resolution of the IAEA Board of Governors on Iran,<\/strong>
\nAn Assessment of the Respect for International Law<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Nader Saed<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nOn 18 September 2004, the IAEA Board of Governors adopted a
\nresolution on “The Implementation of the NPT Safeguard Agreements in
\nI.R. of Iran”. This article examines analytically the resolution as a practice
\nof the IAEA in light of public international law. It concluded that this
\npractice of the Board is contradicted with well-established principles of
\ninternational law.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Concept, Legal Nature and Formalities<\/strong>
\nof Buy Back Investment Contracts<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Javanmard Sadeghi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nBuy Back investment contracts play an increasing role in foreign
\ninvestment in Iran specially in the petroleum industry.
\nThese contracts have a sui generis concept, legal nature and formalities,
\nwhich are analyzed in this article.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The Protection of Patents in the World Trade Organization<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Amir Saed Vakil<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nIdeas and knowledge have an important role in trade. Patents protection as
\nan area covered by the TRIPS agreement in WTO must be available for
\ninventions both products and process in almost all fields of technology.
\nThe agreement describes the minimum rights that a patent owner must
\nenjoy, but it also allows certain exceptions.<\/p>\n

<\/h4>\n

Methods of Restitution of Contractual Obligation Breach<\/strong>
\nin the International Sales of Goods Convention<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Mohsen Sadeghi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nArticles 74 to 77 of the International Sales of Goods Convention 1980 are
\nallocated to “breach of contract damages”. Declaring a general rule, article
\n74 speaks about necessity of resorting damages and art. 75 & 76 consider
\nthe substitute transaction and the current price as two methods of
\nrestitution. Art. 77 points to “mitigation of loss”. According to this rule, if
\nthe damaged party fails to mitigate, he is not liable to claim damages in
\nthe amount by which the loss should have been mitigated. Principles of
\nUNIDROIT, PECL, French and Iranian Law about compensation of
\ncontractual obligation breach are different from the provisions of the
\nConvention.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The Prosecution of Senior State Officials<\/strong>
\nin National Tribunals for International Crimes<\/strong>
\n(Some Comments on the Congo v. Belgium Case)<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Antonio Cassese<\/strong>
\nTranslated by: Hamid Reza Javidzadeh<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nThe recent decision of the international Court of justice has certainly
\ncleared an obscure domain of international law, i.e. personal immunity of
\nministers of foreign affaires. Nevertheless, some conclusions of the Court
\nare open to criticism. The Court, not only has refused to declare its
\nposition on the universal jurisdiction of the national tribunal, but also has
\nnot made a distinction between functional and personal immunities. It
\nresults that, according to the Court, the ministers of foreign affaires could
\nbe prosecuted, after the period of their functions, for the international
\ncrimes committed during their functions if these crimes are considered as
\nthe private acts.<\/p>\n

<\/h4>\n

The Rights of Minority Shareholders<\/strong>
\nin Merger or Consolidation of Corporations<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Ahmad Beigi Habibabadi (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nA Corporation typically recognizes its operations through a merger or
\nconsolidation. In a merger, only one of the corporations continues to exist.
\nBut in a consolidation, two or more corporations combine so that each
\ncorporation ceases to exist and a new one emerges.
\nThe important issue in a merger contract is its effects on shareholders.
\nIn American, French and English law, there are protecting regulations in
\nfavour of minority shareholders. In all of these legal systems there is
\nspecial approach for the benefit of minority shareholders.
\nThis article presents the concerned regulations in these countries after
\na brief study of the notion of merger and its different types. It shows also
\nthat in the Iranian law, there are no such regulations about minority
\nshareholders, but regulating these matters is not contrary to our legal
\nprinciples and it is necessary for legislator to enact a law concerning
\nmerger and protection of shareholders.<\/p>\n

<\/h4>\n

Control of the Activities of Directors by Governmental<\/strong>
\nAgencies in English and Iranian Legal Systems<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Seyed Elhameddin Sharifi (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nMany legal systems as well as English law, have recognized that the abuse
\nof corporate powers by directors, can not be adequately constrained by
\nleaving it to the company’s member. Therefore, they have established
\ngovernmental agencies for exercise of a supervisory role in order to ensure
\nadequate performance of their functions, conferred legislative and judicial
\npower as well as administrative functions on those agencies.
\nEnglish legal system has gone further from investigation into insider
\ntrading, to investigation into Companies affair and share’s and title of the
\ncompanies. But in Iranian legal system governmental investigation has not
\nbeen recognized yet.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Legal Formalities for Transfer of Shares<\/strong>
\nin Joint-Stock Companies<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Saeed Safian<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nThe transfer of named and nameless shares in Joint-Stock companies have
\ndifferent legal formalities. In this article these formalities are discussed in
\npoint view of commercial code of Iran and judicial practice of courts.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Journal of Legal Research Number 5   Vol. III No. 1 Spring – Summer 2004   Managing Editor: Vahid Eshtiagh Editor-in-Chief: Seyyed Ghasem Zamani     Contents Articles   Integration of Islamic Countries and Specially Iran into International Legal-Economic System and its Challenges Behrooz Akhlaghi (Ph.D.) Public Hearing in the Light of International Instruments and…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3374,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[450,457,453,456],"tags":[559,460,461,241,462],"class_list":["post-2746","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archive-of-charters","category-journal-of-legal-research","category-magazines-published-by-the-institute","category-published-legal-research-journals","tag-journal-of-legal-research-number-5","tag-law","tag-legal-research","tag-sdil","tag-the-journal-of-legal-research"],"yoast_head":"\nJournal of Legal Research - Number 5 - \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Journal of Legal Research - Number 5\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Journal of Legal Research Number 5   Vol. III No. 1 Spring - Summer 2004   Managing Editor: Vahid Eshtiagh Editor-in-Chief: Seyyed Ghasem\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sdil.ac.ir\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-08-11T08:16:08+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-03-17T11:51:54+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-5.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"300\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@shahredanesh\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@shahredanesh\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/person\/2e5bada102021189e610c23fcd85361d\"},\"headline\":\"Journal of Legal Research – Number 5\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-08-11T08:16:08+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-03-17T11:51:54+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/\"},\"wordCount\":1634,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-5.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Journal of Legal Research - Number 5\",\"law\",\"legal research\",\"sdil\",\"The Journal of Legal Research\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Archive of charters\",\"Journal of legal research\",\"Magazines published by the institute\",\"Published legal research journals\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/\",\"name\":\"Journal of Legal Research - Number 5 - \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-5.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-08-11T08:16:08+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-03-17T11:51:54+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-5.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-5.jpg\",\"width\":300,\"height\":200,\"caption\":\"journal of legal research - en - 5\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Journal of Legal Research – Number 5\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/\",\"name\":\"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\",\"description\":\"\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#organization\",\"name\":\"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/logo512.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/logo512.png\",\"width\":512,\"height\":512,\"caption\":\"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sdil.ac.ir\",\"https:\/\/x.com\/shahredanesh\",\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/shahredanesh\",\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/shahredanesh\"],\"email\":\"info@sdil.ac.ir\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/person\/2e5bada102021189e610c23fcd85361d\",\"name\":\"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/9b03137e19872206b27cbfbbcc0e053be3595ae1d4d807d354179cac4d1d99ab?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/9b03137e19872206b27cbfbbcc0e053be3595ae1d4d807d354179cac4d1d99ab?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\"},\"description\":\"\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Journal of Legal Research - Number 5 - \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Journal of Legal Research - Number 5","og_description":"Journal of Legal Research Number 5   Vol. III No. 1 Spring - Summer 2004   Managing Editor: Vahid Eshtiagh Editor-in-Chief: Seyyed Ghasem","og_url":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/","og_site_name":"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sdil.ac.ir","article_published_time":"2018-08-11T08:16:08+00:00","article_modified_time":"2020-03-17T11:51:54+00:00","og_image":[{"width":300,"height":200,"url":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-5.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@shahredanesh","twitter_site":"@shahredanesh","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631","Est. reading time":"8 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/"},"author":{"name":"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/person\/2e5bada102021189e610c23fcd85361d"},"headline":"Journal of Legal Research – Number 5","datePublished":"2018-08-11T08:16:08+00:00","dateModified":"2020-03-17T11:51:54+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/"},"wordCount":1634,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-5.jpg","keywords":["Journal of Legal Research - Number 5","law","legal research","sdil","The Journal of Legal Research"],"articleSection":["Archive of charters","Journal of legal research","Magazines published by the institute","Published legal research journals"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/","url":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/","name":"Journal of Legal Research - Number 5 - \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-5.jpg","datePublished":"2018-08-11T08:16:08+00:00","dateModified":"2020-03-17T11:51:54+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-5.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-5.jpg","width":300,"height":200,"caption":"journal of legal research - en - 5"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-5\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647","item":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Journal of Legal Research – Number 5"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#website","url":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/","name":"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc","description":"\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#organization","name":"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634","url":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/logo512.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/logo512.png","width":512,"height":512,"caption":"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sdil.ac.ir","https:\/\/x.com\/shahredanesh","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/shahredanesh","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/shahredanesh"],"email":"info@sdil.ac.ir"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/person\/2e5bada102021189e610c23fcd85361d","name":"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/9b03137e19872206b27cbfbbcc0e053be3595ae1d4d807d354179cac4d1d99ab?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/9b03137e19872206b27cbfbbcc0e053be3595ae1d4d807d354179cac4d1d99ab?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631"},"description":"\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2746","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2746"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2746\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3374"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2746"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2746"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2746"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}