{"id":2749,"date":"2018-08-11T12:58:56","date_gmt":"2018-08-11T08:28:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/minamohammadi.ir\/?p=2749"},"modified":"2020-03-17T15:19:40","modified_gmt":"2020-03-17T11:49:40","slug":"journal-of-legal-research-number-6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/","title":{"rendered":"Journal of Legal Research – Number 6"},"content":{"rendered":"

Journal of<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Legal Research<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Number 6<\/strong><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

Vol. III No. 2<\/strong>
\nAutumn 2004 – Winter 2005<\/strong><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

Managing Editor: Vahid Eshtiagh<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Editor-in-Chief: Seyyed Ghasem Zamani<\/strong><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Contents<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Articles<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Belgium and the End of a Ten Years Dream of Universal Jurisdiction over International Crimes<\/strong>
\nAli Khaleghi (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

Intervention of Judges for Controlling of Laws in Comparing to Constitution (Comparative Law & Iran)<\/strong>
\nAbdollah Khodabakhshi Shalamzari & Nayyereh Abedinzadeh Shahri<\/p>\n

Security Council and Referral of the Situation in Darfur (Sudan) to the International Criminal Court<\/strong>
\nSeyed Ghasem Zamani (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

Legal Analysing of the Iran-EU Agreement on Nuclear Program<\/strong>
\nSeyed Hossein Sadat Meidani<\/p>\n

National Implementation of International Law and the Role of Iranian Courts<\/strong>
\nNader Saed (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

Special Issue: Combatting of the Criminal Law<\/strong>
\nagainst Economic Offences<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Comparative Approach to crime of Bribery in the Legal Systems of France, Italy, Switzerland and China<\/strong>
\nSeyed Hossein Hosseini (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

Necessity of Extending the Punishment of bribee to Non- Governmental Sectors in the Iran’s Criminal Code<\/strong>
\nVahid Eshtiagh (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

Bankruptcy Fraud<\/strong>
\nMansoor Rahmdel (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

Considering Legal Aspects of Insider Trading in Security Markets (A Comparative study)<\/strong>
\nSeyed Elhamedin Sharifi (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

Computer Fraud<\/strong>
\nHasan \u00e1lipour<\/p>\n

Report and Critique<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Reflections on Proposed Draft of the Ministry of Commerce for Amendments of Iran’s Commercial Code<\/strong>
\nBehrooz Akhlaghi (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility (The report of the High-Level UN Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change)<\/strong>
\nAmir Saed Vakil<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Articles<\/strong><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

Belgium and the End of a Ten Years Dream<\/strong>
\nof Universal Jurisdiction over International Crimes<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Ali Khaleghi (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nIn 1993 and 1999 Belgium has recognised its universal jurisdiction over
\ninternational crimes in order to prosecute the offenders in its tribunals.
\nFacing with the problems arising from application of its absolute universal
\njurisdiction, Belgium has revised its legislation and limited and then
\nomitted this large jurisdiction. The present article examines these laws and
\nthe its problems.<\/p>\n

<\/h4>\n

Intervention of Judges for Controlling of Laws in Comparing<\/strong>
\nto the Constitution (Comparative Law & Iran)<\/strong><\/h4>\n

A. Khodabakhshi Shalamzari & N. Abedinzadeh Shahri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nIntervention of Judges for controlling of laws in comparing to constitution
\ndiffer from country to other country. “Political control” and “Judicial
\nreview” are two method for this aim. In Iran, forecast of “shuraye
\nneghahban”, according to one opinion, forbid Judges from controlling of
\nlaw and declaring of contradiction to constitution. In contrast with the
\nopinion, we support the view that foresee rights and obligations of judges
\nfor this control.<\/p>\n

<\/h4>\n

Security Council and Referral of the Situation in Darfur<\/strong>
\n(Sudan) to the International Criminal Court<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Seyed Ghasem Zamani (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nSecurity council on 31 March 2005, acting under chapter VII of the UN
\nCharter, adopted Resolution 1593 referring the Darfur situation to the
\nInternational Criminal Court. It is for the first time that the security
\ncouncil referred a situation to ICC.
\nThe International Commission of Inquiry on violations of international
\nhumanitarian law and human rights law in Darfur confirmed that mass
\nviolations of human rights and international humanitarian law have taken
\nplace in Darfur. It recommended, given the circumstances the referral of
\nsituation to ICC which is the sole body with jurisdiction which can
\nimpartially, effectively and rapidly bring to trial those who bear major
\nresponsibility for those crimes.<\/p>\n

<\/h4>\n

Legal Analysing of the Iran-EU Agreement<\/strong>
\non Nuclear Program<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Seyed Hossein Sadat Meidani<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nIslamic Republic of Iran and three European countries (France, Germany
\nand England) Signed Paris Agreement on Iran’s Nuclear Program on 14
\nNovember 2004. This article examines the agreement from legal points of
\nview.<\/p>\n

<\/h4>\n

National Implementation of International Law<\/strong>
\nand the Role of Iranian Courts<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Nader Saed (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:
\nThe main issue discussed this article is the role of Iranian Judiciary in
\nimplementation of international conventional and customary obligations.
\nThe argues that the Iranian judiciary and its judges ought act their legal
\nduty i.e.: settlement of disputes and punishment of unlawful behaviors
\nwithin law framework, based on both domestic and international laws.
\nHowever, the Iranian legal system has not completely developed in this
\naspect. In spite of art. 9 of Iranian Civil Code on acceptance legally
\nbinding force of treaties ratified by Iranian parliament, the status of
\ninternational customary obligations of the state and their implementation
\nby the courts is not clear. The author in particular in the light of
\ninternational responsibility, believes that implementation of international
\nlegally binding obligations in internal courts, is an established rule in the
\ncontemporary international law. Therefore, the Iranian legal system shall
\nbe developed in this case. The new Jurisprudence of a Tehran Public Court
\non obligatory status of implementation of the United Nations Charter and
\nthe relevant Security Council Resolutions for the Iranian courts has a legal
\nconsequence of its acceptance in the parliament, is the main focus here.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Comparative Approach to crime of Bribery in the Legal<\/strong>
\nSystems of France, Italy, Switzerland and China<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Seyed Hossein Hosseini (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Today, the crime of bribery is a national, regional and international serious
\nproblem for any legal system. Many European and Asian countries such as
\nFrance, Italy, Switzerland and China have considered bribery as a crime
\nagainst Justice and public administration.
\nComparative studying illustrates that there are many similarities and some
\ndifferences among the criminal legal systems on elements of the crime of
\nbribery and appropriate responses to it.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Necessity of Extending the Punishment of bribe to Non-Governmental Sector in the Iran’s Criminal Code<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Vahid Eshtiagh (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/p>\n

In many countries it has been considered bribery for anyone to give or
\nreceive anything of value or any valuable service or promise with the intent
\nto influence any person in the discharge of a legal duty. However in the
\nIranian Criminal System it isn’t considered as a criminal conduct for
\npersons other than public servants to recieve bribery.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Bankruptcy Fraud<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Mansoor Rahmdel (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bankruptcy Fraud is one of the crimes which has been referred to it in Commercial Code but it’s punishment has been determined in the Penal Code. A Fraud Bankrupt is a merchant who is not in fact Bankrupt but
\npretends to Bankruptcy by using fraud. The forms of using fraud have been
\ncalculated in section 549 of the Commercial Code. So, we can say that the
\nPenal Code has followed the Trade Code from the point view of the Actus
\nReus.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Considering Legal Aspects of Insider Trading in Security<\/strong>
\nMarkets (A Comparative study)<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Seyed Elhamedin Sharifi (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Investor Confidence in security markets depends the assurance afforded to
\ninvestor that they are placed on an equal footing and that they will be
\nprotected against the improper use of Inside information. The aim of the
\ninsider Trading Law should not be to eliminate all information advantages,
\nbut to proscribe those advantages whose use would be improper, because
\ntheir acquisition was not the result of skill or effort but of the mere fact of
\nholding a particular position.
\nThe article aims to clarify elements of insider trading and prohibitions
\napplicable to insiders. Then, the criminal nature of insider trading and it’s
\neffects to the contract will be discussed.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Computer Fraud<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Hasan \u00e1lipour<\/strong><\/p>\n

Once computers became common in today’s society, criminals began to
\nemploy them to commit a variety of offenses. The phrase “computer fraud”
\nis used to describe stealing money or property by means of a computer:
\nthat is, using a computer to obtain dishonestly, property or credit or
\nservices or evade dishonestly some dept or liability.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Journal of Legal Research Number 6   Vol. III No. 2 Autumn 2004 – Winter 2005   Managing Editor: Vahid Eshtiagh Editor-in-Chief: Seyyed Ghasem Zamani     Contents Articles   Belgium and the End of a Ten Years Dream of Universal Jurisdiction over International Crimes Ali Khaleghi (Ph.D.) Intervention of Judges for Controlling of Laws…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3376,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[450,457,453,456],"tags":[560,460,461,462],"class_list":["post-2749","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archive-of-charters","category-journal-of-legal-research","category-magazines-published-by-the-institute","category-published-legal-research-journals","tag-journal-of-legal-research-number-6","tag-law","tag-legal-research","tag-the-journal-of-legal-research"],"yoast_head":"\nJournal of Legal Research - Number 6 - \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Journal of Legal Research - Number 6\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Journal of Legal Research Number 6   Vol. III No. 2 Autumn 2004 - Winter 2005   Managing Editor: Vahid Eshtiagh Editor-in-Chief: Seyyed Ghasem\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sdil.ac.ir\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-08-11T08:28:56+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-03-17T11:49:40+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-6.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"300\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@shahredanesh\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@shahredanesh\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/person\/2e5bada102021189e610c23fcd85361d\"},\"headline\":\"Journal of Legal Research – Number 6\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-08-11T08:28:56+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-03-17T11:49:40+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/\"},\"wordCount\":1244,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-6.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Journal of Legal Research - Number 6\",\"law\",\"legal research\",\"The Journal of Legal Research\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Archive of charters\",\"Journal of legal research\",\"Magazines published by the institute\",\"Published legal research journals\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/\",\"name\":\"Journal of Legal Research - Number 6 - \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-6.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-08-11T08:28:56+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-03-17T11:49:40+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-6.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-6.jpg\",\"width\":300,\"height\":200,\"caption\":\"journal of legal research - en - 06\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Journal of Legal Research – Number 6\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/\",\"name\":\"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\",\"description\":\"\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#organization\",\"name\":\"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/logo512.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/logo512.png\",\"width\":512,\"height\":512,\"caption\":\"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sdil.ac.ir\",\"https:\/\/x.com\/shahredanesh\",\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/shahredanesh\",\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/shahredanesh\"],\"email\":\"info@sdil.ac.ir\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/person\/2e5bada102021189e610c23fcd85361d\",\"name\":\"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/9b03137e19872206b27cbfbbcc0e053be3595ae1d4d807d354179cac4d1d99ab?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/9b03137e19872206b27cbfbbcc0e053be3595ae1d4d807d354179cac4d1d99ab?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\"},\"description\":\"\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Journal of Legal Research - Number 6 - \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Journal of Legal Research - Number 6","og_description":"Journal of Legal Research Number 6   Vol. III No. 2 Autumn 2004 - Winter 2005   Managing Editor: Vahid Eshtiagh Editor-in-Chief: Seyyed Ghasem","og_url":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/","og_site_name":"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sdil.ac.ir","article_published_time":"2018-08-11T08:28:56+00:00","article_modified_time":"2020-03-17T11:49:40+00:00","og_image":[{"width":300,"height":200,"url":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-6.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@shahredanesh","twitter_site":"@shahredanesh","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631","Est. reading time":"6 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/"},"author":{"name":"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/person\/2e5bada102021189e610c23fcd85361d"},"headline":"Journal of Legal Research – Number 6","datePublished":"2018-08-11T08:28:56+00:00","dateModified":"2020-03-17T11:49:40+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/"},"wordCount":1244,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-6.jpg","keywords":["Journal of Legal Research - Number 6","law","legal research","The Journal of Legal Research"],"articleSection":["Archive of charters","Journal of legal research","Magazines published by the institute","Published legal research journals"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/","url":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/","name":"Journal of Legal Research - Number 6 - \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-6.jpg","datePublished":"2018-08-11T08:28:56+00:00","dateModified":"2020-03-17T11:49:40+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-6.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-6.jpg","width":300,"height":200,"caption":"journal of legal research - en - 06"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-6\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647","item":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Journal of Legal Research – Number 6"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#website","url":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/","name":"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc","description":"\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#organization","name":"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634","url":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/logo512.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/logo512.png","width":512,"height":512,"caption":"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sdil.ac.ir","https:\/\/x.com\/shahredanesh","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/shahredanesh","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/shahredanesh"],"email":"info@sdil.ac.ir"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/person\/2e5bada102021189e610c23fcd85361d","name":"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/9b03137e19872206b27cbfbbcc0e053be3595ae1d4d807d354179cac4d1d99ab?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/9b03137e19872206b27cbfbbcc0e053be3595ae1d4d807d354179cac4d1d99ab?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631"},"description":"\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2749","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2749"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2749\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3376"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2749"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2749"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2749"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}