{"id":2751,"date":"2018-08-11T13:10:28","date_gmt":"2018-08-11T08:40:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/minamohammadi.ir\/?p=2751"},"modified":"2020-03-17T15:19:03","modified_gmt":"2020-03-17T11:49:03","slug":"journal-of-legal-research-number-7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/","title":{"rendered":"Journal of Legal Research – Number 7"},"content":{"rendered":"

Journal of<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Legal Research<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Number 7<\/strong><\/h2>\n

<\/h2>\n

Vol. IV No. 1<\/strong>
\nSpring – Summer 2005<\/strong><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

Managing Editor: Vahid Eshtiagh<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Editor-in-Chief: Seyyed Ghasem Zamani<\/strong><\/h3>\n

<\/h4>\n

<\/h4>\n

Contents<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Articles<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

European Arrest Warrant and its Impact on Extradition Law in the European Union<\/strong>
\nAli Khaleghi (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

Protective Victimology in Light of “The Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power”<\/strong>
\nMehrdad Rayejian Asli<\/p>\n

The Impact of Peremptory Norms on the Interpretation and Application of United Nations Security Council Resolutions<\/strong>
\nAlexander Orakhelashvili; Trans. & Res. by S. Ghasem Zamani (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

Concept, Kinds and Rules Governing Public Contracts<\/strong>
\nManuchehr Tabatabai Motameni (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

An outline to Iranian Legal System on the Foreign Investment<\/strong>
\nMostafa Mandegar<\/p>\n

The Constitutionality and Role of Judges in Iranian Law<\/strong>
\nParvaneh Tila<\/p>\n

Special Issue: Different Aspects of Banking Law<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Legal Aspects of Internet Banking<\/strong>
\nMostafa Elsan<\/p>\n

Discussion of Principle Agent Theory in Banks on behalf of Depositors in Banking Deposits<\/strong>
\nS. Elhameddin Sharifi (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

Binding Character of Contracts on Credits Granted by Banks and it’s Ambiguities<\/strong>
\nSaeed Safian<\/p>\n

Settlement of Disputes in International Bank Guarantees<\/strong>
\nMohsen Mohebbi (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

Hire-Purchase Contract and Barriers to it’s Development in the Iranian Banking System<\/strong>
\nGholam Reza Moini<\/p>\n

Critique and Presentation<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

UN International Law Commission and Iranian Lawyers<\/strong>
\nHossein Sharifi Tarazkoohi (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Articles<\/strong><\/h3>\n

European Arrest Warrant and its Impact on Extradition Law<\/strong>
\nin the European Union<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Ali Khaleghi (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nExtradition is one of the old measures of international judicial assistance in
\ncriminal matters which is agreed in bilateral and multilateral conventions. As
\na result of the increase of transnational offences in Europe, the member states
\nof the European Union have faced to a new challenge in combating these
\noffences and insufficiencies of classic procedure of extradition has been
\nrevealed. Facing this situation, the member states of the European Union
\nhave replaced European arrest warrant to extradition. The new mechanism
\ndoes not have the restrictions of extradition and has caused an evolution in
\nextradition law in these countries. The present article examines the above-said
\nrestrictions and the evolution which is appeared in this matter.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Protective Victimology in Light of “The Declaration of Basic<\/strong>
\nPrinciples of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power”<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Mehrdad Rayejian Asli<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nAlthough studying crime victims primarily emerged within the framework of a
\nnegative perspective emphasizing upon blameworthy of victims in the criminal
\nincident, it is more than three decades that attentions have been addressed to
\nprotecting these vulnerable persons. “Protective Victimology”, thus, is
\nconsidered as one of the most recent approach in criminological literature,
\nwhich is gradually becoming an independent discipline in the field of criminal
\nsciences. Meanwhile, it’s international aspect, which followed on the
\nglobalization movement, has made it to be at the centre of attention at the
\npolicy-making level and a significant concern of criminal policies.
\nFollowing victimological researches in many countries, the United Nations
\nmade special efforts to codify the international principles and standards on
\nvictim protection. The Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims
\nof Crime and Abuse of Power is regarded as the most eminent of such efforts
\nand assumed as a charter containing the global standards within the
\nframework of a protective victimology.
\nThe present article reviews the Declaration overall.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The Impact of Peremptory Norms on the Interpretation<\/strong>
\nand Application of United Nations Security Council Resolutions<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Alexander Orakhelashvili<\/strong>
\nTrans. & Res. by S. Ghasem Zamani (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nThe United Nations Security Council is the most powerful institutional body
\never established at the global level. Its existence and powers, as based on the
\nUnited Nations Charter, Firmly evidence the support of the entire
\ninternational community. At the same time, the will of the international
\ncommunity as a whole can be expressed at different levels and in different
\nways. In today’s international law, there can be little doubt that the
\ninternational community as a whole attaches special importance and effects to
\nperemptory norms of general international law (jus cognes) and endows them
\nwith high status. The interaction between those high-ranking norms and the
\npowers of the Security Council is therefore among the most central issues of
\ninternational law.
\nBearing all this in mind, this article will examine the scope and legal
\neffects of the legal limitations imposed on the Security Council by the
\noperation of peremptory norms.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Concept, Kinds and Rules Governing Public Contracts<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Manuchehr Tabatabai Motameni (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nContracts and transactions are considered as important issues in the civil code
\nof Iran. However, public contracts that concluded between the state and a
\nprivate person pose some complicated problems in public spheres. It is
\nobvious that a state remains a state even if it acts as a party of a contract. In
\nthis article, the concept, different kinds and general rules governing public
\ncontracts such as petroleum concessions, labour contracts, banking contracts,
\ninsurance and… are examined.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

An outline to Iranian Legal System on the Foreign Investment<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Mostafa Mandegar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nAccording to historical data, the Iranian government turned to heavy
\nborrowing from Western financial institutions. In most cases, these were
\nutilized for lavish consumption purposes.
\nMany of these carried clear monopoly rights which conferred a somewhat
\nunpleasant connotation to the term “Concession” in the eyes of most Iranian
\nsaw this as mortgaging the country for a pittance. Disappointing though the
\nfates of these venturers proved to be, they gave the country a pool of
\nexperience about positive and negative sides of foreign economic participation
\nand the need to approach it in a systematic way. Consequently, enacting of the
\nbasic regulations as the foreign investment was made subject to a new set of
\nrequirements.
\nIn 1955, the first law was entitled “Law for the Attraction and Protection
\nof Foreign Investment” (LAPFI). According to this law foreign direct
\ninvestment in Iran is only allowed through participation in the equity capital
\nof existing legal entities of newly created joint ventures.
\nThe legal facilitates, as it turned out, were contained through the
\nsubsequent regulations concerning foreign investment in Iran under the name
\nof “Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Act” (FIPPA) was ratified
\nby the parliament in 2002. FIPPA’s Replacement of LAPFI has further
\nenhanced the legal framework and operational environment for foreign
\ninvestors in Iran.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The Constitutionality and Role of Judges in Iranian Law<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Parvaneh Tila<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nThe Rule of Law requires that any decision-makers including the Parliament
\nobey the superior laws. Different legal systems established two political
\n(French) and judicial (American) methods to control of acts of Parliaments.
\nIn Iranian public law, Shora-ye-Negahban (the Constitutional Council) is
\nprimarily responsible to review the parliamentary acts in order to insure their
\nnon-contradiction to the Constitution and Islamic provisions. But nonetheless,
\ndo the Judges have any right or responsibility to control the acts of
\nParliament during the judicial process and their judgments? Could we find any
\nlegal pretext to suspend or other non-observations of these laws by the
\njudges?
\nIn the practices, constitutional interpretations and doctrine, the merely
\npolitical control and review of parliamentary acts by the Council, has been
\naffirmed but some said yes to these questions currently. This article, analyzes
\nthe new but uncommonly thoughts on the role of judges in Iranian
\nconstitutionalism.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Legal Aspects of Internet Banking<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Mostafa Elsan<\/strong><\/p>\n

Appearance and development of “Internet” has led to developing in
\n“Electronic Commerce”. In spite of strength threats, in view of security and
\nillegally access to computer systems, chances in this means of communication
\nand interchange, have preferred it to traditional systems. However, because of
\nthe importance and strategic concept of banking and monetary systems,
\nmovement in this field is very carefully and slow. Therefore, the successful
\nexperience of governmental and non-governmental entities in internet
\nbanking, indicate the essence of use of this structure to facilitate and expedite
\nelectronic commerce. In this paper, we discuss, in legal perspective, the
\nthreats and chances of internet banking.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Discussion of Principle Agent Theory in Banks<\/strong>
\non behalf of Depositors in Banking Deposits<\/strong><\/h4>\n

S. Elhameddin Sharifi (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Islamic precepts influence the structure and activities of Islamic banks and
\nprohibit them against the payment and receipt of a fixed or predetermined
\nrate of interest. In these banks, such as Iranian banks, the interest-based
\nbanking system is replaced by profit-loss sharing system. In granting credits
\nand receiving profit, they use participating contracts such a Joale,
\nHire-Purchase and participation, instead of loan contracts and in
\nprofit-payment to the depositor, used the principle-agent theory.
\nBut the theory, for it’s unreal nature, is unbiased to the parties intention
\nand is insufficient to regulate the banks and depositors relationship.
\nMoreover, the theory have effects, that can not be applied in normal banking
\npolicy.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Binding Character of Contracts on Credits Granted by Banks<\/strong>
\nand it’s Ambiguities<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Saeed Safian<\/strong><\/p>\n

According to Iranian legislation on banking operations without interest, it is
\nrecognized that the contracts on credits granted by banks have a binding
\ncharacter. However, under the amendment of this legislation, this character is
\ndepending upon agreement of the parties and absence of dispute on the
\ncontract.
\nThe ambiguities arising out of the amendment have been studied in this
\narticle.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Settlement of Disputes in International Bank Guarantees<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Mohsen Mohebbi (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/p>\n

As an important financial instrument, bank guarantees are issued to secure
\ninternational contracts. The characteristics of bank guarantee, in particular
\nthe principle of independence of guarantee from underlying contract require a
\nparticular definition of this instrument and as a private contract subject to the
\nlaw of obligations, in general. The claims arising out of bank guarantees are to
\nlarge extent co-related to its vary character and the principle of independence
\nof guarantee from the basic contract. The two more important issues of such
\nclaims before the courts are the question of applicable law and competent
\ncourt. In this article, these two questions are discussed in details.
\nHire-Purchase Contract and Barriers to it’s Development
\nin the Iranian Banking System
\nGholam Reza Moini
\nDespite being new, Hire-Purchase is a contract which has been expanded a lot
\nand many people whether governmental or private even in international level
\nconclude this type of contract. Furthermore, one of the means of granting the
\ncredits to persons in the Iranian banking system is Hire-Purchase contracts.
\nThe contract has many special capabilities, hence Iranian legislator considered
\nit as an appropriate means for granting of banking facilities. However some
\nproblems have raised barriers to development of Hire-Purchase contracts in
\nthe Iranian banking system.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Journal of Legal Research Number 7 Vol. IV No. 1 Spring – Summer 2005   Managing Editor: Vahid Eshtiagh Editor-in-Chief: Seyyed Ghasem Zamani Contents Articles   European Arrest Warrant and its Impact on Extradition Law in the European Union Ali Khaleghi (Ph.D.) Protective Victimology in Light of “The Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3379,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[450,457,453,456],"tags":[561,460,461,462],"class_list":["post-2751","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archive-of-charters","category-journal-of-legal-research","category-magazines-published-by-the-institute","category-published-legal-research-journals","tag-journal-of-legal-research-number-7","tag-law","tag-legal-research","tag-the-journal-of-legal-research"],"yoast_head":"\nJournal of Legal Research - Number 7 - \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Journal of Legal Research - Number 7\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Journal of Legal Research Number 7 Vol. IV No. 1 Spring - Summer 2005   Managing Editor: Vahid Eshtiagh Editor-in-Chief: Seyyed Ghasem Zamani\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sdil.ac.ir\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-08-11T08:40:28+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-03-17T11:49:03+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-7.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"300\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@shahredanesh\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@shahredanesh\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"9 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/person\/2e5bada102021189e610c23fcd85361d\"},\"headline\":\"Journal of Legal Research – Number 7\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-08-11T08:40:28+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-03-17T11:49:03+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/\"},\"wordCount\":1743,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-7.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Journal of Legal Research - Number 7\",\"law\",\"legal research\",\"The Journal of Legal Research\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Archive of charters\",\"Journal of legal research\",\"Magazines published by the institute\",\"Published legal research journals\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/\",\"name\":\"Journal of Legal Research - Number 7 - \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-7.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-08-11T08:40:28+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-03-17T11:49:03+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-7.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-7.jpg\",\"width\":300,\"height\":200,\"caption\":\"journal of legal research - en - 07\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Journal of Legal Research – Number 7\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/\",\"name\":\"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\",\"description\":\"\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#organization\",\"name\":\"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/logo512.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/logo512.png\",\"width\":512,\"height\":512,\"caption\":\"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sdil.ac.ir\",\"https:\/\/x.com\/shahredanesh\",\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/shahredanesh\",\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/shahredanesh\"],\"email\":\"info@sdil.ac.ir\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/person\/2e5bada102021189e610c23fcd85361d\",\"name\":\"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/9b03137e19872206b27cbfbbcc0e053be3595ae1d4d807d354179cac4d1d99ab?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/9b03137e19872206b27cbfbbcc0e053be3595ae1d4d807d354179cac4d1d99ab?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\"},\"description\":\"\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Journal of Legal Research - Number 7 - \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Journal of Legal Research - Number 7","og_description":"Journal of Legal Research Number 7 Vol. IV No. 1 Spring - Summer 2005   Managing Editor: Vahid Eshtiagh Editor-in-Chief: Seyyed Ghasem Zamani","og_url":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/","og_site_name":"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sdil.ac.ir","article_published_time":"2018-08-11T08:40:28+00:00","article_modified_time":"2020-03-17T11:49:03+00:00","og_image":[{"width":300,"height":200,"url":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-7.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@shahredanesh","twitter_site":"@shahredanesh","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631","Est. reading time":"9 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/"},"author":{"name":"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/person\/2e5bada102021189e610c23fcd85361d"},"headline":"Journal of Legal Research – Number 7","datePublished":"2018-08-11T08:40:28+00:00","dateModified":"2020-03-17T11:49:03+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/"},"wordCount":1743,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-7.jpg","keywords":["Journal of Legal Research - Number 7","law","legal research","The Journal of Legal Research"],"articleSection":["Archive of charters","Journal of legal research","Magazines published by the institute","Published legal research journals"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/","url":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/","name":"Journal of Legal Research - Number 7 - \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-7.jpg","datePublished":"2018-08-11T08:40:28+00:00","dateModified":"2020-03-17T11:49:03+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-7.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-7.jpg","width":300,"height":200,"caption":"journal of legal research - en - 07"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-7\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647","item":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Journal of Legal Research – Number 7"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#website","url":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/","name":"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc","description":"\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#organization","name":"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634","url":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/logo512.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/logo512.png","width":512,"height":512,"caption":"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sdil.ac.ir","https:\/\/x.com\/shahredanesh","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/shahredanesh","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/shahredanesh"],"email":"info@sdil.ac.ir"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/person\/2e5bada102021189e610c23fcd85361d","name":"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/9b03137e19872206b27cbfbbcc0e053be3595ae1d4d807d354179cac4d1d99ab?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/9b03137e19872206b27cbfbbcc0e053be3595ae1d4d807d354179cac4d1d99ab?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631"},"description":"\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2751","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2751"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2751\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3379"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2751"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2751"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2751"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}