{"id":2753,"date":"2018-08-11T14:13:52","date_gmt":"2018-08-11T09:43:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/minamohammadi.ir\/?p=2753"},"modified":"2020-03-17T15:17:55","modified_gmt":"2020-03-17T11:47:55","slug":"journal-of-legal-research-number-8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/","title":{"rendered":"Journal of Legal Research – Number 8"},"content":{"rendered":"

Journal of<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Legal Research<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Number 8<\/strong><\/h2>\n

<\/h2>\n

Vol. IV No. 2<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Autumn 2005 – Winter 2006<\/strong><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

Managing Editor: Vahid Eshtiagh<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Editor-in-Chief: Seyyed Ghasem Zamani<\/strong><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Contents<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Articles<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Commercial Code of Iran in the Process of Revision<\/strong>
\nMohammad Reza Pasban (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

International Standards of Human Rights and Fight against Terrorism<\/strong>
\nS. Ghasem Zamani (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

Jus ad bellum: Appraising the Report of The UN High-Level Panel on the Threats, Challenges and Change<\/strong>
\nNader Saed (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

The Age Criterion to Vote in General Elections: Iran and Comparative Law<\/strong>
\nInternational & Public Law Research Group of SDIL<\/p>\n

The Execution of Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights<\/strong>
\nJ\u00cerg Polakiewicz, Translated by Maziar Peyhani<\/p>\n

Special Issue: Insurance Law in National and<\/strong>
\nComparative Law<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Obligation to Good Faith in Life Insurance Contract<\/strong>
\nMostafa Elsan<\/p>\n

Direct Action and Injured Party Reference to Insurer\u00a0<\/strong>
\nAbdollah Khodabakhshi<\/p>\n

General Average in the Marine Insurance Law<\/strong>
\nKambiz Raadi<\/p>\n

WTO Principles on Insurance Services and the Legal Effects of Iran’s Accession to It<\/strong>
\nMohsen Sadeghi<\/p>\n

Bill of Commercial Insurance: An Effort for Removing the Ambiguities in the Iranian Insurance Code<\/strong>
\nMansoor Amini (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

Critique and Presentation<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Judgment of the Iranian Court in Hemopilian Case: A Modern Approach to Civil Liability of the Government in the Iranian Jurisprudence<\/strong>
\nJamal Seifi (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

The European Union’s Judicial Cooperation Unit (Eurojust)<\/strong>
\nAli Khaleghi (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Articles<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Commercial Code of Iran in the Process of Revision<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Mohammad Reza Pasban (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nThe amendment of the commercial code particularly companies regulations,
\nhas been a concern of the legal as well as business communities. With
\ninevitable developments in this field in other countries and the EU
\nCommunity’s trend towards a unified company law through mandatory
\ndirectives for the member States, the development in this regard has been
\nintensified. This is the case while the Iranian legal system has not witnessed
\nany move in the same line. The cabinet’s decision to take this necessity into
\naccount focussing on the companies, is regarded as a crucial step to
\nimplement that objective. This important decision which was accomplished
\nbased on all established scientific- research methodologies, finally in the form
\nthe cabinet Bill went to the Parliament.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

International Standards of Human Rights<\/strong>
\nand Fight against Terrorism<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Seyed Ghasem Zamani (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nEnhanced attention to terrorism and to the effects of counter-terrorism
\nmeasures on the enjoyment of human rights is currently driven of course, by
\nthe events of 11 September 2001 and the ensuring global war against
\nterrorism. International standards of human rights recognize the duty of
\nStates to protect those living within their jurisdiction from terrorism. On the
\nother hand, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms is essential
\ntools in the effort to combat terrorism.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Jus ad bellum: Appraising the Report of The UN High-Level<\/strong>
\nPanel on the Threats, Challenges and Change<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Nader Saed (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nFirst years of the twenty-first century is a decisive moment in the human story
\nin which, different societies are interconnected as well as face threats that no
\nnation can hope to master by acting alone. In 2003, The UN Secretary
\nGeneral established a High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change to
\nsuggest how nations can work together to meet this formidable challenges.
\nThis paper critically analyzes the 2004 Report of the Panel and international
\ndevelopments on use of force inter alia, preemptive self-defense in light of jus
\nad bellum. The author concludes that the recommendations provided by the
\nPanel are primarily not useful to effective maintenance of international peace
\nand security.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The Age Criterion to Vote in General Elections:<\/strong>
\nIran and Comparative Law<\/strong><\/h4>\n

International & Public Law Research Group of SDIL<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nNowadays the representative democracy i.e. application of sovereignty by
\npeople’s representatives, is a common principle in theory and practice of
\npublic law. Definition of the people as electors or voters is an important issue
\nin this situation. In all countries, “age” is recognized as a criterion for electors,
\nbut its quantity is not consistent. In legal viewpoint, more quantity of the age
\nand suffrage, more the quality and logic in decisions of electors. This article
\nanalyzes the age criteria to vote in Iranian legal system and comparative
\nelection law. The article concludes that Iranian election laws shall be amended
\nand increase the age threshold of voting from 15 and\/or 16 to 18 years old.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The Execution of Judgments of the European Court<\/strong>
\nof Human Rights<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Jorg Polakiewicz, Translated by Maziar Peyhani<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nJudgment of the European Court of Human Rights in which the Court finds a
\nbreach of the convention, imposes on the respondent State a legal obligation
\nto put an end to the breach and make reparation for its consequences in such
\na way as to restore as for as possible the situation existing before the breach.
\nHowever the exeution of some recent judgments has given rise to considerable
\nproblems which threaten to undermine the credibility of the whole system.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Obligation to Good Faith in Life Insurance Contract<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Mostafa Elsan<\/strong><\/p>\n

Due to modern modifications in legal concepts and tendency to actualizing
\npragmatic ethical notions, in the light of acts and provisions, “Principle of
\nGood Faith” conducts as one of undeniable bases for survey of applicability of
\nparties’ contract. This principle has impression in all stages of the relation
\nbetween parties from negotiations to formation, enforcement and
\ninterpretation of contracts. Principle of good faith sometimes, coincided with
\nsome legal facts and applied to completion of agreement, too. Perhaps, “Life
\nInsurance Contract” is the best example for the contractual structure that has
\nthis principle in all times and worldwide. The existence of principle or its
\nabsence in life insurance contracts has legal consequences. In this paper, we
\nare speaking about position and content of good faith in life insurance
\ncontract. These surveys include study of national and comparative laws.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Direct Action and Injured Party Reference to Insurer<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Abdollah Khodabakhshi<\/strong><\/p>\n

The appearance of insurance has been effect upon law of civil liability and
\nchanged its rules. In addition to change of substantive rules of civil. liability,
\ne.g. transformation of foundation, principles and its contexts, it changed
\nprocedural rules, quality and quantity of actions.
\nOne of this effects is the existence of especial action that, contrary to
\nprivate principle of contract, draw direct relationship between injured party a
\npossibility of direct reference to injure for recovery of damage.
\nThis article present, in view of future revolution of civil liability law and
\ninsurance in Iran necessity of awarness with insurance actions.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

General Average in the Marine Insurance Law<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Kambiz Raadi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Although, the rule of General Average, which is in the among of the most
\nfamous and important rules of marine law & practices, is not unknown in
\nIran, but due to the essential lack of Iranian statute law in this regard, it has
\nnever been studied, discussed and\/or searched as the subject of academic
\nresearches. Also, the courts practices are silent and there is not any precedent
\nestablished in this regard. Furthermore, concerned limited provisions
\nincorporated in Iranian Marine Code 1967 have been practically abandoned.
\nSo, it is of great importance and prompt necessity to pass local provisions
\nand enrich the statute law in this regard. In this article, considering the lack
\nand absence of local statute law in respect of General Average, and
\nconsequently, absence and lack of practices, Iranian legal principles, rules and
\nbases have been reviewed. The conclusion is that, till passing of such special
\ncode and provisions governing the General Average matters, all legal disputes
\nin this regard could be settled according to the rule of “Administration of
\nproperty belonged to others” enacted by Iranian Civil Code, Article No: 306.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

WTO Principles on Insurance Services<\/strong>
\nand the Legal Effects of Iran’s Accession to It<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Mohsen Sadeghi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Today, Iran’s accession to WTO has become an undeniable necessity. A part
\nof WTO regulation i.e. regulations of General Agreement on Trade Services
\n(GATS) provides for general principles on insurance services in international
\ntrade, such as principle of national treatment, principle of most-favored
\nnation, principle of accession to market, principle of transparency and
\nprinciple of equitable performance of domestic regulations.
\nSince these principles have been provided for services liberalization and
\nour country, Iran, should change or amend insurance regulations that
\ncontrastable with WTO principles.
\nIn this article, we want to survey WTO principles on insurance services
\nregulations and Iranian contrastable regulations on insurance services and
\nthen suitable solutions.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Bill of Commercial Insurance: an Effort for Removing of<\/strong>
\nAmbiguities in the Iranian Insurance Code<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Mansoor Amini (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Iranian Insurance Code has beed enacted 70 years ago. Harmonisation of
\nthe code with recent developments is an important function of the parliament.
\nThe bill of commercial Insurance which reffered to Islamic consulative
\nAssembly in 27 Tir 1384, has tried to modify the Iranian Insurance Code. The
\npresent article examines the bill and its comparsion with the Iranian and
\nFrench commercial codes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Journal of Legal Research Number 8 Vol. IV No. 2 Autumn 2005 – Winter 2006   Managing Editor: Vahid Eshtiagh Editor-in-Chief: Seyyed Ghasem Zamani     Contents Articles   Commercial Code of Iran in the Process of Revision Mohammad Reza Pasban (Ph.D.) International Standards of Human Rights and Fight against Terrorism S. Ghasem Zamani (Ph.D.)…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3382,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[450,457,453,456],"tags":[562,460,461,462],"class_list":["post-2753","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archive-of-charters","category-journal-of-legal-research","category-magazines-published-by-the-institute","category-published-legal-research-journals","tag-journal-of-legal-research-number-8","tag-law","tag-legal-research","tag-the-journal-of-legal-research"],"yoast_head":"\nJournal of Legal Research - Number 8 - \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Journal of Legal Research - Number 8\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Journal of Legal Research Number 8 Vol. IV No. 2 Autumn 2005 - Winter 2006   Managing Editor: Vahid Eshtiagh Editor-in-Chief: Seyyed Ghasem\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sdil.ac.ir\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-08-11T09:43:52+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-03-17T11:47:55+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-8.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"300\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@shahredanesh\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@shahredanesh\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/person\/2e5bada102021189e610c23fcd85361d\"},\"headline\":\"Journal of Legal Research – Number 8\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-08-11T09:43:52+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-03-17T11:47:55+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/\"},\"wordCount\":1492,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-8.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Journal of Legal Research - Number 8\",\"law\",\"legal research\",\"The Journal of Legal Research\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Archive of charters\",\"Journal of legal research\",\"Magazines published by the institute\",\"Published legal research journals\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/\",\"name\":\"Journal of Legal Research - Number 8 - \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-8.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-08-11T09:43:52+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-03-17T11:47:55+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-8.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-8.jpg\",\"width\":300,\"height\":200,\"caption\":\"journal of legal research - en - 08\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Journal of Legal Research – Number 8\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/\",\"name\":\"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\",\"description\":\"\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#organization\",\"name\":\"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/logo512.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/logo512.png\",\"width\":512,\"height\":512,\"caption\":\"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sdil.ac.ir\",\"https:\/\/x.com\/shahredanesh\",\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/shahredanesh\",\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/shahredanesh\"],\"email\":\"info@sdil.ac.ir\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/person\/2e5bada102021189e610c23fcd85361d\",\"name\":\"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/9b03137e19872206b27cbfbbcc0e053be3595ae1d4d807d354179cac4d1d99ab?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/9b03137e19872206b27cbfbbcc0e053be3595ae1d4d807d354179cac4d1d99ab?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\"},\"description\":\"\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Journal of Legal Research - Number 8 - \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Journal of Legal Research - Number 8","og_description":"Journal of Legal Research Number 8 Vol. IV No. 2 Autumn 2005 - Winter 2006   Managing Editor: Vahid Eshtiagh Editor-in-Chief: Seyyed Ghasem","og_url":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/","og_site_name":"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sdil.ac.ir","article_published_time":"2018-08-11T09:43:52+00:00","article_modified_time":"2020-03-17T11:47:55+00:00","og_image":[{"width":300,"height":200,"url":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-8.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@shahredanesh","twitter_site":"@shahredanesh","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631","Est. reading time":"7 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/"},"author":{"name":"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/person\/2e5bada102021189e610c23fcd85361d"},"headline":"Journal of Legal Research – Number 8","datePublished":"2018-08-11T09:43:52+00:00","dateModified":"2020-03-17T11:47:55+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/"},"wordCount":1492,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-8.jpg","keywords":["Journal of Legal Research - Number 8","law","legal research","The Journal of Legal Research"],"articleSection":["Archive of charters","Journal of legal research","Magazines published by the institute","Published legal research journals"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/","url":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/","name":"Journal of Legal Research - Number 8 - \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-8.jpg","datePublished":"2018-08-11T09:43:52+00:00","dateModified":"2020-03-17T11:47:55+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-8.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/JLR-en-8.jpg","width":300,"height":200,"caption":"journal of legal research - en - 08"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-8\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647","item":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Journal of Legal Research – Number 8"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#website","url":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/","name":"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 - \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc","description":"\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#organization","name":"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634","url":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/logo512.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/logo512.png","width":512,"height":512,"caption":"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06a9\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sdil.ac.ir","https:\/\/x.com\/shahredanesh","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/shahredanesh","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/shahredanesh"],"email":"info@sdil.ac.ir"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/person\/2e5bada102021189e610c23fcd85361d","name":"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/9b03137e19872206b27cbfbbcc0e053be3595ae1d4d807d354179cac4d1d99ab?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/9b03137e19872206b27cbfbbcc0e053be3595ae1d4d807d354179cac4d1d99ab?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631"},"description":"\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2753","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2753"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2753\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3382"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2753"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2753"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2753"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}