{"id":2804,"date":"2018-08-12T13:44:13","date_gmt":"2018-08-12T09:14:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/minamohammadi.ir\/?p=2804"},"modified":"2020-03-17T15:05:47","modified_gmt":"2020-03-17T11:35:47","slug":"journal-of-legal-research-number-18","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-18\/","title":{"rendered":"Journal of Legal Research – Number 18"},"content":{"rendered":"

Journal of <\/strong><\/h2>\n

Legal Research<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Number 18<\/strong><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

Vol. IX No. 2<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Autumn 2010 \u2013 Winter 2011<\/strong><\/h3>\n

<\/h3>\n

Managing Editor: Vahid Eshtiagh<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n

Editor-in-Chief: Seyyed Ghasem Zamani<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

CONTENTS<\/strong><\/h4>\n
Articles<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Reflections on Effective Criminal Convictions and their Consequences<\/strong><\/div>\n
Seyed Mahdi Ahmadi Mousavi<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
The Right to Defense of Accused in Administrative Contravention Settlement Board<\/strong><\/div>\n
Ahmad Khosravi, Seyed Sajad Kazemi Serkaneh, Mojtaba Naghdi Nejad<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Determination of Defendant<\/strong><\/div>\n
Saeed Safian<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Legal Analyses of Medical Protections of Social Security Organization<\/strong><\/div>\n
Nasrin Tabatabaie Hesarie<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Special Issue: Citizens Right to Healthy Environment: Pollution of Iranian Large Cities<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Sustainability of Urban Freight and Decreasing of Air Pollution: Environmental Ideal of Large Cities<\/strong><\/div>\n
Hoorieh Hosseini Akbarnezhad<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
The Commitment to International Co-operation Countering Haze to Iran<\/strong><\/div>\n
Abdollah Abedini<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Deal with Electromagnetic Waves Pollutions in Metropolises<\/strong><\/div>\n
Majid Bakhshi Ganjeh<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Tehran Air Pollution and Citizen Rights on Healthy Environment<\/strong><\/div>\n
Seyed Abbas Pour Hashemi (Ph. D.), Lobat Taghavi (Ph. D.), Yalda Khalatbari, Sahar Zareei<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
The Effect of Intellectual Property Rights System on Metropolis Pollution<\/strong><\/div>\n
Mohsen Sadeghi (Ph. D.), Sadegh Shamshiri<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Public Interest Litigation Concerning Environmental Matters before Human Rights Courts and National Courts<\/strong><\/div>\n
Haleh Hosseini Akbarnezhad<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
The Right To Healthy Environment as a Hostage of Global Warming: Cancun Conference (2010)<\/strong><\/div>\n
Ali Navari<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Right to a Healthy Environment in French Legal System<\/strong><\/div>\n
Ali Mashhadi (Ph. D.)<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Critique and Presentation<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Economic Interest Grouping in the Fifth Development Plan<\/strong><\/div>\n
Saeed Haghani<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\n

Articles<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

Reflections on Effective Criminal Convictions<\/strong><\/h4>\n

and their Consequences<\/strong><\/h4>\n
<\/div>\n
Seyed Mahdi Ahmadi Mousavi<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Abstract:<\/strong><\/div>\n
This research is about Criminal conviction its consequences. After someone is convicted, he or she must stand the followings: Punishment, legal prohibition and privation of some rights, and punishment change. After the conviction, person gets a bad record, and is considered as someone against the society. Therefore, such a person should stand a kind of punishment. Conviction consequences are consists of social and administrative results. Although conviction consequences very similar, but they have lots of differences.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

The Right to Defense of Accused in Administrative Contravention Settlement Board<\/strong><\/h4>\n
<\/div>\n
Ahmad Khosravi<\/strong><\/div>\n
Seyed Sajad Kazemi Serkaneh<\/strong><\/div>\n
Mojtaba Naghdi Nejad<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Abstract:<\/strong><\/div>\n
In process of doing public services, there is occurrence of misuse and contravention crime by employee. There are tribunals (references) other than public courts for these contravention settlements, which are out of judiciary within Executive. And in another hand the employee is not in the same level of his office, so it is necessary to have principles of efficient trial over proceeding, till there have not been occurrence of breach of rights, principles like right of defense, right to appeals, right to compensation for miscarriage of justice. These principles in some cases is closed to international criteria but in some cases has been disrespected.<\/div>\n
Keywords:<\/strong> Right of defense, Administrative Contravention Settlement Tribunals<\/div>\n

<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Legal Analyses of Medical Protections<\/strong><\/h4>\n

of Social Security Organization<\/strong><\/h4>\n
<\/div>\n
Nasrin Tabatabaie Hesarie<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Abstract:<\/strong><\/div>\n
One of short time obligations of social security organization (SSO) is medical service. This obligation is foreseen at article 3 of Iranian social security act. This protection to insured person and his family requires some conditions. Therefore determination of this conditions and nomination of included persons is very important. Especially there are several acts about this issue. Therefore lead to some disputes among the jurists. Medical protections are doing in two methods by S.S.O. (direct or indirect). The important effect of this classification appears in payment of franchise by insured person. Payment of franchise is one of financial resources to medical costs. It is necessary to take note of this fact that S.S.O. is an insurance organization that uses actuary calculations. Therefore financial resources for medical costs are important. Payment of premium is the most important resource of medical cost. After enact of mass insurance of medical services act, there are some ambiguities on replacement of premium with right per capita.<\/div>\n
Keywords:<\/strong> included persons of medical protection, direct\/ indirect medical services and medical costs<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

Sustainability of Urban Freight and Decreasing of Air Pollution: Environmental Ideal of Large Cities<\/strong><\/h4>\n
<\/div>\n
Hoorieh Hosseini Akbarnezhad<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Abstract:<\/strong><\/div>\n
This Article looks at the way urban goods movements are included in transport policies aimed at improving air quality in large cities. The movement of goods in cities is a major contributor to local emissions caused by mobile sources. It seems that there are few policy innovations in freight issues in cities. Nonetheless, responding to public opinion\u2019 increasing concern over health issues and to European standards for urban air quality, some European cities have started to serve access to city centers to new, \u2018clean\u2019 or \u2018fully loaded \u2018 trucks. By doing so, they have engaged in a more environmentally oriented urban freight strategy.<\/div>\n
Keywords:<\/strong> air pollution, environment, urban freight<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

The Commitment to International Co-operation Countering Haze to Iran<\/strong><\/h4>\n
<\/div>\n
Abdollah Abedini<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Abstract:<\/strong><\/div>\n
Approximately in two recent years, importation of haze from Arab neighbor countries to Iran cause to environmental and human problems, so that this phenomenon has largely disturbed routine affaires of peoples and government in many of provinces such as Khuzestan, Elam as well as Kermanshah. It has been said this problem comes from human interferences including farming in dry weather, industrial and agricultural wastes, pollution, dam, fire of the peat fields and smoke produced by forest fires. So, it is an international problem. Some states, for example, in South Asia and North America regions, have concluded agreements concerning air pollution specially haze one. Regarding to difficulties arising from this phenomenon in our country, it is necessary to conclude an agreement within commitment to co-operation countering haze and its effects that this process is in progress.<\/div>\n
Keywords:<\/strong> Air pollution- Haze- Environment Law- Commitment to Co-operation- Iran- Good-neighborliness<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

Deal with Electromagnetic Waves Pollutions<\/strong><\/h4>\n

in Metropolises<\/strong><\/h4>\n

<\/h4>\n
Majid Bakhshi Ganjeh<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Abstract:<\/strong><\/div>\n
New Achievements of Technology Age went on Borders Faster of What Was thought and Affected All Dignities of Human life by His broad dimensions. Contemporary supernatural Through his new Industrial productions Found Strong dependence to electromagnetic energy \u060cand Intrinsic value of These energy and its Unique role in Realization of Sustainable Development Goals Accelerated the growing Process of Use of electromagnetic waves spectrum .Nevertheless the Recent findings of Medical researches detected Many Ambiguities About Effects of Extensive use of these waves On human Health. In this respect it is necessary to review and reform and regulated use of these waves in metropolis.<\/div>\n
In this context right to health and right to clean environment are key elements that should be consider alongside the increasing development of activities and Equipments based on Application of these waves.<\/div>\n
Keywords:<\/strong> Right to health – Right to clean environment – Pollution- Electromagnetic waves – Environmental effects assessment<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

Tehran Air Pollution<\/strong><\/h4>\n

and Citizen Rights on Healthy Environment<\/strong><\/h4>\n
<\/div>\n
Seyed Abbas Pour Hashemi (Ph. D.)<\/strong><\/div>\n
Lobat Taghavi (Ph. D.)<\/strong><\/div>\n
Yalda Khalatbari \u2013 Sahar Zareee<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Abstract:<\/strong><\/div>\n
Air Is Supposed As A Necessary Element For Living On The Earth So That The Life Of All Creatures Will Stop Without It; We Shall, Therefore, Preserve Its Quality. Technology Growth And Urbanization Themselves Have Caused Great Pollution In The Air And For Their Damages To People Health And Environment, Made The Authorities To Adopt Measures And Arrangements To Prevent Air Pollution And Environmental Degradation. So, Enjoying A Safe Environment Without Any Pollution For The Citizens Is Being Considered As A Partial Contribution Of The Civil Rights And Is Emphasized In Many Internal And International Instruments. In This Regard, Air Pollution Of Tehran And Lack Of Control And Severe Supervision Is Being Considered As Violation Of Tehran Civil Rights. This Paper Deals With The Rights Of Citizens On Safe Environment Considering Tehran Air Pollution. Also, Besides The Current Pollution Of Tehran Air, Citizens Rights On Safe Environment Is Being Evaluated In Respect of National Law And International Environmental Law.<\/div>\n
Keywords:<\/strong> Pollution, Tehran air pollution, civil rights, the rights on safe environment, national law, international law, international environmental law.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

The Effect of Intellectual Property Rights System<\/strong><\/h4>\n

on Metropolis Pollution<\/strong><\/h4>\n
<\/div>\n
Mohsen Sadeghi (Ph. D.)<\/strong><\/div>\n
Sadegh Shamshiri<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Abstract:<\/strong><\/div>\n
Although industrialization of societies has have advantages, it has have many challenges such as pollution of metropolis. Policy-makers of different countries have been identifying the factors causing pollution in order to decrease it at national and international levels. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) have positive and negative effects on metropolis pollution because they cause reduction or aggregative of pollution; thus in 2009, WIPO new Secretary-General emphasized on challenges between IPRs and pollution. In spite of this importance, Iranian legal literature has not paid attention to this issue; therefore, this article tries to consider the mentioned challenge. It constitutes two main sections: the first section surveys connection between IPRs and metropolis pollution; and second section considers instances of effects of IPRs on pollution by analytical and comparative approach. Finally, it suggests practical remarks to Iranian legislator, policy-makers and executives in the field of IPRs.<\/div>\n
Keywords:<\/strong> Pollution of Metropolis, Intellectual Property Rights, Patent, Reductive Effect, Aggregative Effect, Policy-Making.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

Public Interest Litigation Concerning Environmental Matters before Human Rights Courts and National Courts<\/strong><\/h4>\n
<\/div>\n
Haleh Hosseini Akbarnezhad<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Abstract:<\/strong><\/div>\n
This article analysis the current state of environmental public interest litigation before the three regional human rights bodies of Europe, America and Africa in the light of their constituting treaties and case law and in practice of the national courts. It also assesses the chances of reform to broader access to justice in environmental matters in the European human rights system. It argues that, although national and international jurisdictions generally point towards broader access to justice, the legal systems currently employed by the European and Inter-American human rights institutions are not apt for a concept of public interest litigation.<\/div>\n
Keywords:<\/strong> public interest litigation, European Court of Human Rights, African Commission on Human Rights, Inter-American Court of Human Rights<\/div>\n

<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The Right to Healthy Environment as a Hostage<\/strong><\/h4>\n

of Global Warming: Cancun Conference (2010)<\/strong><\/h4>\n
<\/div>\n
Ali Navari<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Abstract:<\/strong><\/div>\n
The right to healthy environment is indispensable for leading a life with human dignity. It is a prerequisite for the realization and enjoyment of other human rights. Global warming that will create many Dangerous consequences for environment, and consider an essential threat for right to healthy environment, reveals necessity of take appropriate measures to protect this right. In this regard, the international society has tried to develop rules and establish various international conferences for combating to this phenomenon, after awareness of damaging effects of earth global warming. In Cancun conference that was held in Mexico in 2010, states tried to take another forward step for protect and support from human right to healthy environment, with ratification Cancun agreements. Nevertheless, it seems that it is necessary to take effective measures and all states shall be bound that do not make unfavorable change for proper life conditions in environment by their measures.<\/div>\n
Keywords:<\/strong> Cancun Conference, Global Warming, Greenhouse Gases, the Right to Healthy Environment, Cancun Agreements<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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