{"id":2837,"date":"2018-08-13T10:03:11","date_gmt":"2018-08-13T05:33:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/minamohammadi.ir\/?p=2837"},"modified":"2020-03-17T14:59:28","modified_gmt":"2020-03-17T11:29:28","slug":"journal-of-legal-research-number-24","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-24\/","title":{"rendered":"Journal of Legal Research – Number 24"},"content":{"rendered":"

Journal of<\/strong>
\nLEGAL RESEARCH<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Number 24<\/strong><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

Vol. XII \u25cf No. 2<\/strong>
\nAutumn 2013 \u2013 Winter 2014<\/strong><\/h3>\n

<\/h3>\n

Managing Editor: Vahid Eshtiagh<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Editor-in-Chief: Seyyed Ghasem Zamani<\/strong><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

CONTENTS<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Articles<\/strong><\/p>\n

Arbitration and the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes<\/strong>
\nSeyed Jamal SEIFI (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

Legal Aspects of the Geneva Joint Plan of Action 2013<\/strong>
\nNader SAED (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

Violation of the World Trade Organization\u2019s Agreements: Challenges Ahead<\/strong>
\nMojtaba MOROVVAT (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

The Attitude toward Justice and Justifice-orinted Concepts from viewpoint of Foundations of International Law Binding in Theory and Practice
\nAkbar ADIBI (Ph.D.)<\/p>\n

Breaching Human Rights in Bahrain: Norms of International Human Rights<\/strong>
\nMehrdad MOHAMMADI<\/p>\n

Explaining the Export and Transfer of Pollution in International law<\/strong>
\nSeyed Hadi PAZHOUMAN<\/p>\n

Responsibility of Carrier toward Good Under Hamburg and Rotterdam Rules: Comparative Study<\/strong>
\nMehrasa MOHEBI<\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

Articles<\/strong><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

Arbitration and the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Seyed Jamal SEIFI (Ph.D.)<\/strong>
\nAssociate Professor of International Law: Shahid Beheshti University, Arbitrator of IUSCT<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract: <\/strong>
\nThe idea of arbitration as an important tool of peaceful settlement of disputes and realization
\nof justice is a universal and continuous notion and is deeply rooted in the history and cultures
\nof most civilizations. Not surprisingly, the universality and continuity of the concept of
\narbitration, in the context of maintaining international peace and with particular emphasis on
\nthe institutional aspects of international arbitration. It is also worth pointing out that a
\nconsiderable degree of convergence among various arbitral mechanisms as to the core
\nelements of arbitral process such as the principle of competence-competence, observance of
\ndue process, independence and impartiality of all arbitrators, obligations of the parties to
\ncomply with the procedure, the binding nature of the award, and the finality of the award is
\nnoticeable.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Arbitration, International Disputes, Award, Hague Peace Conferences, Justice,
\nICSID, Iran-United States Claims Tribunal<\/p>\n

Legal Aspects of the Geneva Joint Plan of Action 2013<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Nader SAED (Ph.D.)<\/strong>
\nDirector of Academia Deparment, Islamic World Peace Forum<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nThe Joint Plan of Action agreed in Geneva on November 24, 2013, between the P5+1 nations
\nand Iran (JPA or \u201cIran and 5+1 Nuclear Agreement\u201d or \u201cDeal\u201d) is a politically binding
\ninstrument but with important legal indirect implications on legal rights and duties of the
\nparties in international nuclear law. Whereas the inapplicability of the Security Council
\nResolutions on Iran\u2019s nuclear issue, a decade crisis directed the relevant parties to partially
\nrestrict and implement the SC regulatory and punitive provisions, terminate (unlawful)
\nsanctions (multilateral and unilateral) and also resolve some misunderstandings on Iran
\nnuclear program. These developments opened a window to revise past safeguards problems
\nwithin the IAEA and the UN. At a practical viewpoint, this agreement is a state practice, a
\nconcept related to international law sources in the ICJ Statute, Art. 38. This practice
\nsubstantiated the sufficient degree of participation on the part of states whose interests are
\nlikely be most affected. This paper analyzes the JPA in light of international legal order
\nespecially international nuclear law and UN law.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Geneva Nuclear Agreement, Iran, 5+1, Right to Enrichment, Suspension of
\nEnrichment, Sanctions, NPT.<\/p>\n

Violation of the World Trade Organization\u2019s Agreements: Challenges Ahead<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Mojtaba MOROVVAT (Ph.D.)<\/strong>
\nAttorney at Law<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nWTO law links covered agreements with Dispute Settlement Understanding rules. This matter makes the member commitments to compulsory process of negotiation, arbitration, appeal and effective enforcement that ultimately their goals are elimination of violation without costs and damage to the trade relations. With regard to all WTO achievements, rather there are some obstacles in WTO laws, so that some scholars have mentioned them as a (legitimacy crisis) .in this view there are some fundamental challenges for World Trade organization; such as, WTO universality and the problem of integrating trade liberalization, erosion in the nondiscrimination s principle, state sovereignty base of members, lacking Solidarity and Coordination with governmental organizations, lacking transparency in relation with Civil Society, Deficits in the dispute settlement system, unstable and mutable form, effects arising from official Decision making, political Considerations, some process that are Occasionally ineffective and the weak role of WTO director general. Furthermore when Agreements are violated, in particular, it has some challenges between members and WTO Organs that damages contractual relations between members. The violation has direct effect on WTO Favorable function and compensation. Therefore in this article analyzing challenges arising from violation of the WTO agreements is the main debate.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> World Trade Organization, nullification or impairment of benefits, covered
\nagreements, dispute settlement.<\/p>\n

The Attitude toward Justice and Justifice-orinted Concepts from viewpoint of Foundations of International Law Binding in Theory and Practice<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Akbar ADIBI (Ph.D.)<\/strong>
\nAssistant Professor of International Law: Payame Noor University<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\n“Justice” has always been ancient ideal of human and will be continue in such a way that root
\nof many disagreement and conflicts ought to look for in none achievement kind of human or
\ncommunities to it. Human has been always seeking justice as instinct mood in everywhere and every time and in self social relationships. The efforts and structures that for this purpose are done in domestic law of different society, in so much has guaranteed justice but because of absence or defect or none efficiency of such efforts and structures in international law, perfect and absolute implementation of justice be faced with itself specific problems and has difficult way in affront. Although, we can not imply crucially that binding basis of international law in current situation is justice and achievement to it, but we cannot ignore attitude and tendency of international community toward this issue and approval of principles and regulations on this basis and yet this process is continued.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Justice, Equity, Human Rights, Peace and Security, International Community,
\nGlobalization.<\/p>\n

Breaching Human Rights in Bahrain:<\/strong>
\nNorms of International Human Rights<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Mehrdad MOHAMMADI<\/strong>
\nLL.M. in International Law: Allameh Tabataba’i University<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nInternational peace and security cannot be established unless the states respect their
\ninternational obligations thoroughly. One of these obligations is the human rights; norms
\nwhich must be respected both during peace and war times.
\nAs in many Arab countries of the region, Bahrain experienced the torrents of democratic
\nmovements and protests, generally known as the “Arab Spring”. In pursuit of democracy, the
\npeople of the smallest Arab country of Persian Gulf region revolted. Though their demands
\nhad roots in more than four decades ago, but their widespread protests against the Bahraini
\nregime started on 14 February 2011.
\nBahrain government, in its turn, encountered the protesters harshly and suppressed the
\nmovements. In this context the government of Bahrain, ignoring its human rights obligations,
\ntremendously violated citizens’ basic rights. In this article we have first enumerated the some
\nof the most important cases of human rights violations, and then these violations are
\ncompared to the relevant treaty obligations of Bahrain.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Bahrain, International Human Rights, International Community, Universal
\nDeclaration of Human Rights, Breaching Human Rights<\/p>\n

Explaining the Export and Transfer<\/strong>
\nof Pollution in International law<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Seyed Hadi PAZHOUMAN<\/strong>
\nAssistant Professor of International Law: IAU<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nNumerous laws, international documents and treaties at different levels were created on
\nenvironment law and the various aspects of the environment were addressed. Air, soil and
\nwater as the main elements of environment have been targeted. Environmental law has always been in constant effort and struggle to solve the pollution problem, has fought its origin, has determined its rate, and is always looking for the answer to the question of what must be done. All this is done because \u201cthe pollution is the primary goal of environmental law. Varied and diverse environmental challenges have surrounded our planet in such a way that the environment, in its general sense, is caught in it. The spread of pollution and its move from areas under the jurisdiction of a country to outside the region represents the interdependence of various components of the environment in general. And in this view, environment would not be an issue of a single nation and would not be bound to a single region, because most human activities in one state may have effects on states beyond its original state, whether bilateral, regional, meta-regional or international.” Scientific discoveries have proved important points in the field of environment. The first point is the integrity of the Earth. The Earth is unified; i.e., pollution of a part of the earth can spread over other parts, water pollution results in soil pollution. The second point is that the contamination is bordercrossing, it\u2019s blind to borders. Birds, water and climate flows are carriers of pollution. Third and finally is the influence of kinds of pollution on each other. To these points, transfer and export of pollution, which can be one of the important and worrying issues of the international community, must be added. In other words, export and transfer of pollution adds to the complexity of the issue, namely in addition to dissemination of pollution, integration features of biosphere and the nature of pollution itself which can never be settled, and transporting and exporting pollutants together with it\u2019s origin with human intervention will be transferred to other locations, whether deliberate or unelaborated, is an indisputable fact. Therefore, it is necessary to explain its meaning and compare it with transboundary pollution.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> pollution, export and transfer of pollution, transboundary pollutions,
\ntransboundary pollution definition, comparison between the export and transfer of pollution
\nand transboundary pollution, the ways of transfer and export of pollution.<\/p>\n

Liability of Carrier toward Goods under International Convention of Hamburg and International Convention of Rotterdam: Comparative Study<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Mehrasa MOHEBI<\/strong>
\nLL.M. in International Law<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nThe Purpose of this article is study and more understanding of duties forwarding agent\u2019s
\nduties and responsibilities for goods damage. Since international goods transport plays
\nessential role in international trade, in addition to goods sellers and purchasers, forwarding
\nagents are considered one of principal pillars in this regard. Also, sea carriage agents
\ninternationally have a special role in transfer of goods. Definition of their duties and
\nresponsibilities from international aspects especially with regard to taking care of goods and
\ntheir safety has as a consequence the regulation of their activities. Hamburg Convention
\ndiscusses in details these responsibilities, but since sea carriage of goods which today is
\ncarried out through modern ways particularly with emergence of electronic exchanges,
\nrevision in responsibilities for coordination and care of goods is of especial importance in
\nrelationship of forwarding agents with commodity owners. It seems Rotterdam Convention,
\nby study and completion of this matter (transportation) and making it transparent, is drawn up
\nin line with the above legal objectives.
\nKeywords:<\/strong> Liability of Carrier, International Convention of Hamburg, International Convention of Rotterdam, carriage of goods, Transportation.<\/p>\n

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Journal of LEGAL RESEARCH Number 24   Vol. XII \u25cf No. 2 Autumn 2013 \u2013 Winter 2014 Managing Editor: Vahid Eshtiagh Editor-in-Chief: Seyyed Ghasem Zamani     CONTENTS Articles Arbitration and the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes Seyed Jamal SEIFI (Ph.D.) Legal Aspects of the Geneva Joint Plan of Action 2013 Nader SAED (Ph.D.) Violation…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3469,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_daextinma_seo_power":"","_daextinma_enable_ail":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[450,457,453,456],"tags":[460,461,462,1666],"class_list":["post-2837","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archive-of-charters","category-journal-of-legal-research","category-magazines-published-by-the-institute","category-published-legal-research-journals","tag-law","tag-legal-research","tag-the-journal-of-legal-research","tag-vahid-eshtiagh"],"yoast_head":"\nJournal of Legal Research - 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