{"id":2841,"date":"2018-08-13T10:30:12","date_gmt":"2018-08-13T06:00:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/minamohammadi.ir\/?p=2841"},"modified":"2020-03-17T14:56:41","modified_gmt":"2020-03-17T11:26:41","slug":"journal-of-legal-research-number-26","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sdil.ac.ir\/en\/journal-of-legal-research-number-26\/","title":{"rendered":"Journal of Legal Research – Number 26"},"content":{"rendered":"

Journal of<\/strong>
\nLEGAL RESEARCH<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Number 26<\/strong><\/h2>\n

<\/h3>\n

Vol. XIII \u25cf No. 2<\/strong>
\nAutumn2014 \u2013 Winter 2015<\/strong><\/h3>\n

<\/h3>\n

Managing Editor: Vahid Eshtiagh<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Editor-in-Chief: Seyyed Ghasem Zamani<\/strong><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

CONTENTS<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Articles<\/strong><\/p>\n

Using of Human Shield as a War Crime<\/strong>
\nHomayoon Habibi – Saleheh Ramezani<\/p>\n

An analysis on interpretation of guardian council about Experimental Laws in three bills of \u201corganization and procedure of Court of Administrative Justice\u201d, \u201ccustoms affairs\u201d and \u201ccommercial\u201d\u00a0<\/strong>
\nVahid Agah<\/p>\n

Possibility or impossibility of rehabilitation of legal entities and its condition in trade law act of 1311 looking to trade reform bill<\/strong>
\nMehdi Sokhanvar – Seyed Ali Hoseyni<\/p>\n

Monopoly in the light of Regulations and it\u2019s Enforcement in Iran Laws<\/strong>
\nHeidar Piri – Mehdi Montazer – Azam Momeni Shio Yari<\/p>\n

Succession of States in respect of State property and Debts<\/strong>
\nAlireza Bagheri Abyaneh<\/p>\n

International Law and Human Security at the Third Millennium<\/strong>
\nArmin Talaat<\/p>\n

The Role of Time Element In the interpretation of the International treaty<\/strong>
\nMozhgan Raminnia<\/p>\n

Status of Corporate Governance in Iranian Law and the necessity of reviewing new trade bill<\/strong>
\nAmin Jafari<\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

Articles<\/strong><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

Using of Human Shield as a War Crime<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Homayoon Habibi <\/strong>
\nSaleheh Ramezani<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstarct:<\/strong>
\nThese days we hear many news about using poor people as Human
\nShield, while Humanitarian regulations have prohibited this action absolutely,
\neven Statute of International Criminal Court (ICC) has considered
\nit as a War Crime. This article surveys the violation of the prohibition
\non using of Human Shield as a War Crime and its necessary
\nelements and conditions too. On the other hand, whereas Statute of ICC
\nenumerates it as a War Crime in International Armed Conflicts expressly,
\npossibility or not being a War Crime in Non-International Armed
\nConflicts will be surveyed as well.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/strong>
\nHuman Shield, War Crime, International Armed Conflicts, Non-International
\nArmed Conflicts, International Criminal Court (ICC).<\/p>\n

An analysis on interpretation of guardian council<\/strong>
\nabout Experimental Laws in three bills of<\/strong>
\n\u201corganization and procedure of Court of Administrative<\/strong>
\nJustice\u201d, \u201ccustoms affairs\u201d and \u201ccommercial\u201d<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Vahid Agah<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nThe first paragraph of principle 85 of constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran has prescribed experimental legislation with some conditions such as \u201cnecessary points\u201d and \u201csome rules\u201d. A method of legislation that its clauses were not used by the council until the opinion of guardian council on 18\/1\/2011 concerning the act of \u201cCourt of Administrative Justice\u201d and this council had accepted opinion of parliament about essential cases for approval of experimental laws. However the council has repeated this issue in acts of \u201ccustoms affairs\u201d (opinion dated 5\/5\/2011) and \u201ccommercial\u201d (opinion dated 13\/5\/2012) and again has rejected opinion of parliament. The idea mentioned in this writing in the field of basics of experimental legislation, function of guardian council in this regard and act of Court of Administrative Justice. To conclude, the final result of article is that interpretation of guardian council about experimental legislation in 3 bills that said, in contradiction to the function of this council.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/strong>
\nprinciple 85 of constitution, recognizing the necessary, experimental
\nlegislation, function of guardian council.<\/p>\n

Possibility or impossibility of rehabilitation of legal<\/strong>
\nentities and its condition in trade law act of 1311<\/strong>
\nlooking to trade reform bill<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Mehdi sokhanvar<\/strong>
\nSeyed ali hoseyni<\/strong><\/p>\n

abstract:<\/strong>
\nRehabilitation is return trader status and credit to rights before bankruptcy
\nwhich are away from trader by the law. There is no doubt of complete rehabilitation
\nof legal entities, because when a trader has refined all of his\/her debts and its subsidiary, he\/she rehabilitates indeed and none of business companies are excluded from this rule. It can be inferred from art.506 & 565 together that the legal entity can has a legal rehabilitation. Under art.506 legal entity can have a composition with its creditors and pursuant to art.565 a trader who has a composition can rehabilitate. So there is possibility of rehabilitation of
\nlegal entity because of survival of its legal character between dissolution and liquidation.
\nThe business company which has a composition and fulfills its contractual obligations and proves its honesty within five years from the date of declaration of bankruptcy can rehabilitate. Also if the company which can\u2019t pay off its debts but its creditors give consent to its rehabilitation or discharge it from all of debts, can rehabilitate. When the company can\u2019t make a composition and liquidation is done before five years rehabilitation is not possible. As soon as liquidation takes at least five years from date of declaration of bankruptcy and other requirements present the company can do so.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/strong>
\nRight rehabilitation -legal rehabilitation -Legal personality \u2013 Bankruptcycomposition.<\/p>\n

Monopoly in the light of Regulations and it\u2019s Enforcement<\/strong>
\nin Iran Laws<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Heidar Piri <\/strong>
\nMehdi Montazer <\/strong>
\nAzam Momeni Shio Yari<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nMonopoly rights in our legal system is one of the new issues that there is no comprehensive bill to understand all its dimensions and aspects, and the existing laws do not have the required efficiency due to its dispersion. To solve this problem, a new law entitled the \u201cGeneral Policies of Article 44\u201d and \u201cAmendment of the Fourth Development Plan and the implementation of the general policies of Article 44 of the Constitution\u201d were adopted that caused economic opportunities for the development of competitive environment and to cancel
\nstate monopolies and at the same time it resulted in serious problems, as far as, despite the reduction in government ownership, desired results have not been achieved. Therefore, in this article have been tried to analyze the following matters in the legal lexicon: History, definitions, origins, resource and the basis of applying the anti-monopoly rules application, civil responsibility, law enforcement and finally the losses incurred to persons in violation of anti-monopoly laws in Iranian regulations.
\nWith respect to analysis positive regulations, we can concluded that the main basis for competition law and monopoly is public order because it results in achieving justice in society and public interest, And \u2018Principle of no Harm\u2019 can be invoked only when we are certain about the losses. About law enforcement of monopolies, unfortunately, due to the vagueness and deficiency of the Iran\u2019s law, legislatives regarding the validity of the contract. Therefore, in many cases there are no appropriate legal enforcement and specific legal order. In other word, relative deficit of executive mechanisms in the regulations has made it difficult to control monopolies. In association with the basis of compensation in violation of anti monopoy and competion law, persons aggrieved by monopoly and violation of competition law based on \u2018Principle of no Harm\u2019 and civil liability provisions (especially article 1 of the law of Civil Liability) and special conditions of this regulations, have the right to claim damages.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/strong>
\nMonopoly, Law Enforcement, Competition Law, Civil Liability, Article
\n44 of the Constitution.<\/p>\n

Succession of States in respect of State property<\/strong>
\nand Debts<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Alireza Bagheri Abyaneh<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nThe rule which applied to all types and forms of succession (cession, dismemberment of States, unification of States) was that the property of the predecessor State became the property of the successor State directly on the basis of international law. There is no universally accepted definition of State property in international law, so different definitions were elaborated in specific treaties, other international instruments dealing with the succession of States, and in the international jurisprudence. One must use the municipal law of the predecessor to show that what were the property of predecessor state. This practice is confirmed in Vienna convention 1983 (state succession in respect of property& Archive & debts) .
\nThe rules of succession in respect of State debts are disputed, the practice is extremely differentiated, and the formulation of conclusions as to the possible customary nature of various rules is very difficult. In different types of State succession we face any of a total transfer of debts to the successor State, a total rejection of the transfer, or all of the intermediate solutions. The Acts of successor states may depends on the nature of debts and the kind of successions.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/strong>
\nSuccession of States, State property, states debts, Predecessor State,
\nsuccessor state<\/p>\n

International Law and Human Security at the Third<\/strong>
\nMillennium<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Armin Talaat<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nNational Security (state), was appeared along with the emergence of independent states sovereignty means. The National Security was considered state as the only security and its main concern was to keep safe the state from external military threats. Lack of sufficient attention to threats which target human subjects were led to human security term into the legal literature. The term was manifested firstly in Independent Commission on Disarmament and security issues (Palme Commission). United Nations Development Program also studied legal and conceptual aspects of human security after a decade, and stated that the individuals must be at the heart of affairs. UNDP in report it\u2019s in 1994 pointed two major parts of human security: freedom from fear and freedom from want. Human security concern is recognition and elimination elements which threat individuals\u2019 rights every wherein the world. The common goal between human rights and human security has caused that some scholars suppose these two concepts are the same. However, it is noteworthy that the study areas of human security are broader than human rights. States and international organization have attempted in order to promote and development human security in the recent years. One of those efforts is United Nations and its specialized agencies acts.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/strong>
\nNational Security, Human security, United Nations Development Program,
\nHuman rights<\/p>\n

The Role of Time Element In the interpretation of<\/strong>
\nthe International treaty<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Mozhgan Raminnia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nThe interpretation is one of the most important issues in the law of international obligations as plays a significant role in clarification of the scope of rights and undertakings.
\nArticle 31 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) indicates general rules of interpretation. We shall review, herein, one of those general rules as come under Paragraph 3 (c) of the said article. Article 31. 3 (c) provides that \u201cany relevant rules of international law applicable in the relations between the parties\u201d \u201cshall be taken into account\u201d for the interpretation purposes, \u201ctogether with the context\u201d. The international authorities have recently paid particular attention to the capabilities of this provision to determine the obligation\/s. This implies that returning to the circumstances of the time of creation of the obligation would no longer be sufficient for the interpretation purposes under current dynamic system of the international law. Indeed, establishing a consolidated interpretation regime which can stabilize international legal relations becomes necessary specifically in light of the fact that the human rights as well as jus cogent and erga omnes obligations are gaining in increasing significance.
\nMeanwhile, taking the \u201csubsequent developments\u201d and the \u201crelevant rules\u201d into consideration for interpretation purposes may be helpful to satisfy certain contradictions that the international law may be faced with in specific occasions.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/strong>
\nintertemporal law, interpretation, contemporary principle, subsequent
\ndevelopments, international responsibility, applicable rules<\/p>\n

Status of Corporate Governance in Iranian Law and<\/strong>
\nthe necessity of reviewing new trade bill<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Amin Jafari<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong>
\nThe corporate governance defines as simple rules of Corporate law. Iranian commercial code is silent regarding corporate governance whereas the practice of principles of this mechanism in corporations and banks are being implemented. unfortunately, the new Commercial bill (2013), in regarding the corporate governance is not completed and has many shortages although it includes some aspects of corporate governance.
\nThe purpose of this article, in one hand, is to examine the reason that corporate governance exist and on the other hand is the study of the need to anticipate the new commercial law.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/strong>
\nCorporate Governance, Commercial Code, New Trade bill, principles
\nof corporate governance.<\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Journal of LEGAL RESEARCH Number 26 Vol. XIII \u25cf No. 2 Autumn2014 \u2013 Winter 2015 Managing Editor: Vahid Eshtiagh Editor-in-Chief: Seyyed Ghasem Zamani     CONTENTS Articles Using of Human Shield as a War Crime Homayoon Habibi – Saleheh Ramezani An analysis on interpretation of guardian council about Experimental Laws in three bills of \u201corganization…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6636,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_daextinma_seo_power":"","_daextinma_enable_ail":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[450,457,453,456,236],"tags":[460,461,462,1666],"class_list":["post-2841","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archive-of-charters","category-journal-of-legal-research","category-magazines-published-by-the-institute","category-published-legal-research-journals","category-uncategorized","tag-law","tag-legal-research","tag-the-journal-of-legal-research","tag-vahid-eshtiagh"],"yoast_head":"\nJournal of Legal Research - 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